BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the effects of perceived parenting behaviors on emotional behavioral problems in adolescents and the moderating effects of peer attachment. METHODS: A total of 1919 middle school students (males 968, females 951) were selected from the first and second data sets of the Korea Child and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS). The t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted using SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: Of the parenting behaviors, high monitoring, affection, and reasoning were associated with lower emotional behavioral problems of their adolescent offsprings, whereas inconsistency, intrusiveness, and over-expectations were associated with higher emotional behavioral problems. The moderating effects of peer attachment on the relationship between parenting behaviors and emotional behavioral problems were different according to the gender of the adolescent. In males, the moderating effects of peer attachment were significant between reasoning and attention problems and between affection and aggression. However, in females, they were significant when parental monitoring, inconsistency, and reasoning affected attention problems. CONCLUSIONS: Peer attachment plays an important role in the aggressive behaviors of male adolescents. This finding should be considered in preventing violence in schools.
Adolescent* ; Aggression ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Violence

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean adolescent attachment patterns and their relations to parenting behaviors. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 792 high school students in Seoul. We assessed parenting behaviors perceived by adolescents and attachment type and quality of using Parenting Behavior Inventory, Self-report Attachment Style and Revised Adult Attachment Scale. RESULTS: 1) On the attachment pattern of adolescent, it revealed that 47.6% of the subjects were classified as "secure", 32.2% as "preoccupied", 14.6% as "dismissing" and 5.6% as "fearful". 2) The parental neglect was related to fearful and preoccupied patterns and parental inconsistency was related to preoccupied pattern. In terms of attachment quality and parental behavior, more parental affection and reasoning were related with more reliance. And more affection and less intrusiveness, neglect, and inconsistency were related with more closeness. More affection and reasoning and less physical abuse, intrusivenes, over-expectation, neglect, inconsistency were related with less anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that adolescent attachment pattern would be transitional compared with that of infancy and adult. More positive parenting behavior such as affection and reasoning, and less negative parenting behavior such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, neglect, inconsistency were related with secure attachment pattern. Also, less positive parenting behavior such as affection and reasoning, and more negative parenting behavior such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, neglect, inconsistency were related with insecure attachment patterns.
Adolescent* ; Adult ; Anxiety ; Humans ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Seoul

OBJECTIVES: We examined the degree of social anxiety and physical symptoms, situations, maneuvers in phobic situations, the degree of offending others, disability in normal Korean sample. And We also studied the correlations of social anxiety and socio-cultural factors(personality characteristics, child rearing attitudes and interpersonal attitudes). METHODS: The subjects were total of 1087 including junior high school students, high school students, college students and adult population living in Seoul. We administered the following scales: SAD (Social Avoidance and Distress Scale), Social Anxiety Symptom and Situation, Maneuvers in Phobic situations, Offending others, SDS(Sheehan's Disability Scale), EPQ(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), Child Rearing Scale and Interpersonal Attitude Scale. RESULTS: Among social phobic symptoms, fear of eye to eye contact, fear of mistake, fear of facial expression, fear of side glancing and fear of other's gazing were prevalent in decreasing order. The level of general social anxiety were high in junior high school and high school students, and male subjects reported more social anxiety. The degree of offending others decreased with age. The most difficult social anxiety situations were public speaking and interviewing. The frequently used maneuver in phobic situations was reasoning. All subjects perceived themselves more introverted than others did. On the child rearing attitudes, rejection, high expectation, anxious, control subscales of both parent were correlated with high level of social anxiety, and the emotional care was correlated with low level of social anxiety. On the interpersonal attitudes, self-devaluation, indirectedness, overconcern of other's opinion, face-saving subscales were positively correlated with social anxiety, and the socialization and eungseok were negatively correlated with social anxiety. CONCLUSION: The social anxiety and the introversion were associated with the disability of daily activity. Some subscales of child rearing attitudes and interpersonal attitudes were also associated with the social anxiety.
Adult ; Anxiety* ; Child ; Child Rearing ; Facial Expression ; Humans ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Male ; Parents ; Seoul ; Socialization ; Speech ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the problem behaviors of adolescents and to discriminate between parenting behaviors of problem behavior groups and those of non-problem behavior group. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 792 high school students in Seoul. We administered 'Parenting Behavior Inventory' and Korean version of Youth Self-Report(K-YSR) to the subjects in order to evaluate the parenting behaviors perceived by adolescents and the problem behaviors of adolescents. We analyzed the relationship between parenting behaviors and problem behaviors. We classified the subjects into problem behavior groups(internalizing group, externalizing group, internalizing-externalizing group) and a non-problem behavior(normal) group. We studied the differences of parenting behaviors among the groups. RESULTS: The results are as follows. 1) There were significant negative correlations between the positive parenting behaviors such as affection, reasoning, and monitoring and the problem behaviors of adolescents. By contrast, there were significant positive correlations between the negative parenting behaviors such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency and the problem behaviors of adolescents. 2) Adolescents of the internalizing group perceived significantly more parental abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency than those of normal group. Meanwhile, they perceived significantly less affection than normal adolescents. Adolescents of the externalizing group also perceived significantly more parental abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency than those of normal group. Also, they perceived significantly less monitoring than normal adolescents. 3) Adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly more intrusiveness from both parents than those of either the internalizing or the externalizing groups. Adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly less affection and more neglect from their mothers than those of the internalizing or the externalizing groups. In addition, adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly more physical abuse from their fathers than those of the internalizing or the externalizing groups. CONCLUSION: Parenting behaviors such as abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency are associated with both internalizing and externalizing problems. In contrast, our results suggest that parenting behaviors such as affection, monitoring, and reasoning might decrease the various problem behaviors of adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Fathers ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Seoul

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nodules of vocal cords are considered to be tissue reactions to chronic mechanical irritation such as vocal misuse or abuse. Psychological factors related to the development of the vocal nodules have been documented in the literatures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of the patients with vocal nodules and find the relationship between the characteristics and the development of the vocal nodules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient group consisted of 41 house-wives with vocal nodules (mean age 35.7+/-10.4 years) who visited the department of otolaryngology at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital from July 1997 to May 1998. The control group consisted of 35 house-wives who didn't have any vocal pathology (mean age 34.6+/-9.1 years). All the subjects completed the questionnaires related to the voice disorder and SCL-90-R, a widely used psychopathology test. The scores of SCL-90-R of the patient group were compared with those of the control group. The scores of the patient group with less than 1 year duration (acute) and more than 1 year duration (chronic) were also compared with those of the controls. RESULTS: The total patient group differed statistically from the control group on 7 neurotic scales (p<0.001) and 1 psychotic scales (p<0.05). The acute patient group differed on 2 neurotic scales (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We suggest that the neurotic traits found in the acute patients group may have a role in the development of vocal nodules. The scales found in the total patients group may indicate changes in the psychological characteristics that follow voice change. Thus, psychological characteristics play an important role in the pathogenesis of vocal nodules and warrant more attention to the psychological, emotional aspect of patients in order to treat and prevent these vocal nodules.
Humans ; Otolaryngology ; Pathology ; Psychology ; Psychopathology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vocal Cords ; Voice ; Voice Disorders ; Weights and Measures