Many studies have undertaken to determine the optimal volume of heparin diluted blood so- lutions to be aspirated from known internal volume of the arterial extension tube before blood sampling, in order to achieve acceptable blood gas values. This study was investigated the optimal volume of heparin diluted blood to be aspirated from various kinds of extension tube which volume is unknown. Blood gases were measured in samples of the radial artery or superior vena cava blood taken from 20 anesthesized patients who were taking elective or emergency surgery with indwelling catheter. Authors used 4 kinds of extension tube. There were 120 cm Cobe extension tube, 140 cm Cobe extension tube, 60 cm extension tube using I.V. set and 120 cm extension tube using I.V. set. Each of tubes was applied to five patients. Five blood gas samples were taken after withdrawing heparin diluted flush solution and blood from each extension tube. The withdrawing blood amounts is serially 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 times of volume of each extension tube. And then another blood sample was taken from the 3-way stop-cock at proximal site of Cobe or LV. extension tube. Because this last sample was not diluted with heparin diluted flush solution, author assumed this blood gas values to be control group. Blood gas values of each samples were compared with control group. The difference between sample 3 and 4 was statistically significant(p<0.05) in case of small inner volume of extension tube. The difference between sample 4 and 5 was stastistically significant(p<0.05) in case of large inner volume of extension tube. So, authors concluded that as follows: If the inner volume of extension tube is small(volume <4 ml), blood gas samples should be taken after withdrawing 2.0 times of the inner volume of extension tube, however if the inner volume of extension tube is large(volume>4ml), blood gas samples should be taken after withdrawing 2.5 times of the inner volume of extension tube.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Emergencies ; Gases ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Radial Artery ; Vena Cava, Superior

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among eating habits, eating behaviors, obesity indices and serum leptin levels of 97 school children in the Daegu and Kyungpuk areas. The subjects consisted of 42 boys and 55 girls from the 4th and 5th grades. The prevalence rate of obesity was 63.6% in the males and 36.4% in the females. The nutritional status of the subjects was assessed using 24-hour dietary recalls and blood analyses. The mean serum leptin levels of the obese group (12.84 +/- 6.97 ng/ml) were significantly higher than those of the non-obese group (2.43 +/- 1.53 ng/ml)(p < 0.001). The mean eating behavior scores and MAR were significantly different in the two groups. Nutrient intakes were low and fell short of the RDA. Serum leptin levels showed a significant negative correlation with eating habit (r = -0.24) and eating behavior scores (r = -0.40)(p < 0.05, p < 0.001). It was speculated that nutritional intervention and education about the appropriate nutrient intake requirements of developing children might be necessary.
Child* ; Daegu ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior* ; Female ; Humans ; Leptin* ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity* ; Prevalence

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among serum leptin, nutritional status, and the obesity indices of 55 obese children in Daegu and Kyungpook area. Obesity was defined as fat percentage that exceed 25% of body fat mass. Energy and nutritional status were tended to be low, and dietary intake of calcium and iron were less than any other nutrients in all the subjects. Especially, beverage intake of obese group was more than non-obese group. The leptin level were significantly correlated with %RDA of energy (0.41, p < 0.001), protein (0.44, p < 0.001), phosphate (0.40, p < 0.001), iron (0.37, p < 0.001), vitamin A (0.31, p < 0.01), thiamin (0.40, p < 0.001), riboflavin (0.26, p < 0.05), niacin (0.51, p < 0.001), and vitamin C (0.24, p < 0.05). The leptin level were significantly correlated with MAR (mean adequacy ratio, r = 0.43, p < 0.001) and INQ (index of nutrient quality) of thiamin (r = 0.22, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that %RDA of niacin in obese group (R2 = 0.208, p = 0.001) and total subjects (R2 = 0.257, p = 0.000), MAR (p = 0.003) and INQ (p = 0.048) of niacin in obese group (R2 = 0.255) and MAR (p = 0.000) and INQ of Ca (p = 0.024) in total subjects (R2 = 0.231) may be important independent predictors to leptin level. MAR showed a significantly positive correlation with %fat (r = 0.42, p < 0.01), BMI (r = 0.46, p < 0.01), RW (r = 0.44, p < 0.01), WHR (r = 0.39, p < 0.01) and, %RDA (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These data indicated relationships among leptin level, nutrient intake, %RDA, MAR, and INQ in children.
Adipose Tissue ; Ascorbic Acid ; Beverages ; Calcium ; Child* ; Daegu ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Iron ; Leptin* ; Niacin ; Nutritional Status ; Obesity ; Riboflavin ; Vitamin A

As a technique mainly hiring in forensic investigation field to identify the descents, craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) is also used in archaeology to create the faces from ancient or medieval human remains, when there is little information about his/her appearance. Eung-Cheok Ko (1531–1605) was a writer and scholar in the mid Joseon period. In January of 2019, His mummified body was found at Gumi, Kyeonsangbuk-do, Korea. The remains were anthropologically examined, and archaeological CFR was also requested for this case. This report reveals the case’s facial reconstruction process and his portrait that is drawn based on the 3-dimensional CFR result.