Functional constipation is a common clinical diagnosis that affects approximately 14% of the world’s population. Non-pharmacological therapies often represent the initial steps in management and may include lifestyle adjustments or changes such as physical activity and diet. Pharmacological options have been used when the non-pharmacological approach has been ineffective. Biofeedback therapy, surgery, sacral nerve stimulation, botulinum toxin injection, and vibrating capsules can be considered in scenarios where the laxatives are ineffective. Biofeedback therapy is highly effective and safe in treating dyssynergic defecation, which affects more than half of patients with chronic constipation. This paper overviews non-pharmacological therapies for functional constipation.

No abstract available.
Stomach Neoplasms*

Primary lymphoma of the urinary bladder is rare, comprising 0.2% of extranodal lymphomas. The predominant subtype of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is extranodal marginal zone lymphoma. We report a case of MALT lymphoma of the urinary bladder in a 53-year-old female patient presenting with a five-year history of persistent hematuria and urinary frequency. A cystoscopy revealed multiple nodular lesions at the posterior wall and trigone of the bladder. The tissue obtained by cold-cup biopsy revealed lymphoid infiltration consistent with low-grade MALT lymphoma. Image studies revealed that the tumor originated from the urinary bladder and there was no evidence of metastases. The patient was positive for a rapid urease test. Because of the relationship between gastric MALT lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori, the patient was treated with antibiotics to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. The lymphoma subsequently disappeared and the patient has remained in persistent complete remission for eight years.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Biopsy ; Cystoscopy ; Female ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone* ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Urease ; Urinary Bladder*

A subepithelial tumor-like esophageal carcinoma is rare. We report a case of an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis presenting as a small subepithelial tumor. A 68-year-old man presented to our hospital complaining of hoarseness since last three months. Endoscopic examination revealed a 1 cm hard and fixed subepithelial tumor with surface erosion in the lower esophagus. A biopsy specimen was obtained using conventional forceps, and histopathological evaluation revealed few atypical squamous epithelial cells. Subsequent EUS demonstrated a homogeneous hypoechoic lesion in the deep mucosal layer. A CT scan of the chest showed a 3 cm mass in the right upper paratracheal area. EUS-guided fine needle biopsy of the lesion led to the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis.
Aged ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Diagnosis ; Endosonography ; Epithelial Cells ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Esophagus ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Surgical Instruments ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic resection is the first-line treatment for rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) measuring < 1 cm and those between 1 and 2 cm in size. However, conventional endoscopic resection cannot achieve complete resection in all cases. We aimed to analyze clinical outcomes of precut endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR-P) used for the management of rectal NET. METHODS: EMR-P was used to treat rectal NET in 72 patients at a single tertiary center between 2011 and 2015. Both, circumferential precutting and EMR were performed with the same snare device in all patients. Demographics, procedural details, and histopathological features were reviewed for all cases. RESULTS: Mean size of the tumor measured endoscopically was 6.8±2.8 mm. En bloc and complete resection was achieved in 71 (98.6%) and 67 patients (93.1%), respectively. The mean time required for resection was 9.0±5.6 min. Immediate and delayed bleeding developed in six (8.3%) and 4 patients (5.6%), respectively. Immediate bleeding observed during EMR-P was associated with the risk of delayed bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Both, the en bloc and complete resection rates of EMR-P in the treatment of rectal NETs using the same snare for precutting and EMR were noted to be high. The procedure was short and safe. EMR-P may be a good treatment choice for the management of rectal NETs.
Carcinoid Tumor ; Demography ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Neuroendocrine Tumors* ; Rectum ; SNARE Proteins

The coexistence of an epithelial lesion and a subepithelial lesion is uncommon. In almost all such cases, the coexistence of these lesions appears to be incidental. It is also extremely rare to encounter a neoplasm in the surface epithelium that overlies a benign mesenchymal tumor in the esophagus. Several cases of a coexisting esophageal neoplasm overlying a leiomyoma that is treated endoscopically or surgically have been reported previously. Here, three cases of a superficial esophageal neoplasm that developed over an esophageal leiomyoma and was then successfully removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection are described.
Epithelium ; Esophageal Neoplasms* ; Esophagus ; Leiomyoma*

Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant disease caused by germline folliculin (FLCN) mutations, characterized by fibrofolliculoma or trichodiscoma, renal tumors, and multiple lung cysts with or without spontaneous pneumothorax. Here, we report two cases of BHD syndrome that presented with bilateral pulmonary cysts. One patient was a 39-year-old woman who had a history of pneumothorax, multiple papules on her cheeks, and a family history of the same skin lesions and renal cell carcinoma in her father. BHD syndrome was confirmed by molecular tests that revealed a missense mutation in FLCN gene (exon 4, c.31T > C). The other patient was a 56-year-old man who showed FCLN gene polymorphism and typical radiopathological features of multiple cysts in the lung, but apparently no other manifestation.
Adult ; Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome* ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Cheek ; Estrone ; Fathers ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Mutation, Missense ; Pneumothorax ; Skin

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The risk of peritoneal seeding following perforation after endoscopic resection in patients with early gastric cancer is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate long-term clinical outcomes including peritoneal seeding and overall survival rate following gastric perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS: Between January 2002 and March 2015, 556 patients were diagnosed with early gastric cancer and underwent ESD. Among them, 34 patients (6.1%) experienced gastric perforation during ESD. Clinicopathological data of these patients were reviewed to determine the clinical outcome and evidence of peritoneal seeding. RESULTS: Among 34 patients with perforation, macroperforations occurred during ESD in 17 cases (50%), and microperforation was identified in the remaining 17 cases (50%). All patients except one who underwent emergency surgery due to severe panperitonitis were managed successfully by endoscopic clipping (n=27) or conservative medical treatment (n=6). No evidence of peritoneal seeding after perforation associated with ESD was found in our cohort. Cumulative survival rates did not differ between the perforation and non-perforation groups (p=0.691). Furthermore, mortality was not associated with perforation. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that tumor size and achievement of curative resection were related to cancer recurrence. Perforation was not associated with cancer recurrence and survival. CONCLUSIONS: Perforation associated with ESD does not lead to worse clinical outcomes such as peritoneal seeding or cumulative survival rate. Therefore, periodic follow-up might be possible if curative resection was achieved even if perforation occurred during ESD.
Cohort Studies ; Emergencies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recurrence ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The reported rates of current smoking at the time of Crohn’s disease (CD) diagnosis tend to be low in East Asian studies. However, we hypothesized that East Asian patients may be reluctant to disclose their smoking history, likely because of the influence of the Confucian culture. METHODS: We prospectively re-evaluated the smoking status at diagnosis in 1,437 Korean CD patients whose smoking status had been reported in our previous study. RESULTS: After re-evaluation, the current smokers at diagnosis increased from 388 patients (27.0%) to 445 patients (31.0%), indicating that 12.8% (57 of 445 patients) of the current smokers at diagnosis did not disclose their smoking status at their initial evaluation. The proportion of current smokers at diagnosis who had initially concealed their smoking status was significantly higher among the female patients (29.7%, 11/37) compared with the male patients (11.3%, 46/408) (p<0.005) and among the patients who were ≤18 years old at diagnosis (56.4%, 22/39) compared with the patients >18 years old at diagnosis (8.6%, 35/406) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Subgroups of Korean CD patients, particularly young patients and female patients, are reluctant to disclose their smoking history. Therefore, the suggestion that smoking is not a risk factor for the development of CD in East Asians should be made with caution.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Crohn Disease* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

Background/Aims: The eradication success rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with a first-line standard triple therapy (STT) has been decreasing in Korea. However, treatment outcomes of H. pylori infection in Yeongdong, Gangwon Province have been scarcely reported. This study aimed to investigate the treatment outcomes of H. pylori infection in a single tertiary care hospital with regional characteristics. Materials and Methods: From July 2018 to June 2019, a total of 592 patients who underwent STT consisting of a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin for 7 to 14 days as a first-line H. pylori eradication therapy were included. Demographic data and treatment outcomes were retrospectively reviewed using medical records. Results: The median age of 592 patients was 58 years (range 23 to 86) and 329 patients (55.6%) were men. The indication for eradication therapy included chronic atrophic gastritis (57.9%), peptic ulcer disease (19.6%), and gastric neoplasm after endoscopic resection (5.9%). Most patients (92.2%) received a 7-day course of STT. Eradication rate of STT was 64.0% (379/592). Rescue therapy was performed in 146 patients, and the final eradication rate reached 85.6% (507/592). Conclusions Eradication rate of STT in Yeongdong area of Gangwon Province was unsatisfactory, warranting the consideration of a first-line eradication regimen other than STT.