The revolutionary development of artificial intelligence (AI) such as machine learning and deep learning have been one of the most important technology in many parts of industry, and also enhance huge changes in health care. The big data obtained from electrical medical records and digitalized images accelerated the application of AI technologies in medical fields. Machine learning techniques can deal with the complexity of big data which is difficult to apply traditional statistics. Recently, the deep learning techniques including convolutional neural network have been considered as a promising machine learning technique in medical imaging applications. In the era of precision medicine, otolaryngologists need to understand the potentialities, pitfalls and limitations of AI technology, and try to find opportunities to collaborate with data scientists. This article briefly introduce the basic concepts of machine learning and its techniques, and reviewed the current works on machine learning applications in the field of otolaryngology and rhinology.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between nasal septal deviation (NSD) and upper lateral cartilage (ULC) collapse. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 142 paranasal sinus computed tomography scans from patients who had undergone septoplasty due to confirmed NSD. The ULC angle was measured on both the narrow and wide sides of the nasal cavities, and these measurements were compared to evaluate the extent of ULC collapse in relation to the degree of NSD and patient age. The correlation between the degree of NSD and the degree of ULC collapse was also analyzed. Results: The mean ULC angle was found to be 13.4°±2.7° on the narrow side and 14.3°±2.7° on the wide side, with a statistically significant difference between the two (p<0.001). When comparing caudal and non-caudal NSD patients, there was no significant difference in the degree of ULC on either side (p=0.166). When comparing the ULC angle between two age groups (≥50 vs. <50 years), the difference in ULC angles was significantly greater in the group of patients aged under 50 years (0.3°±3.8° vs. 1.1°±2.2°, p=0.014). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of ULC collapse and the degree of septal deviation (r=0.214, p=0.01). Conclusion NSD was associated with ULC collapse on the narrow side and a narrow internal nasal valve area. This result indicates that clinicians should check for concomitant ULC collapse in patients with NSD.

Many patients regard tonsillectomy as a minor operation because it is performed frequently. Although tonsillectomy is considered a relatively safe surgical procedure, numerous complications have been described. The common complications are hemorrhage, infection, and following anesthesia, aspiration, cardiac arrhythmia, and laryngeal trauma. Cervicofacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum are rarely observed sequelae of surgical intervention in the upper aerodigestive tract. Although these complications resolve spontaneously in most cases, a few cases result in tension pneumothorax and other life-threatening conditions. Symptoms include chest pain, neck pain, dyspnea and odynophagia. Treatment involves frequent assessment of the airway and extent of the emphysema. The authors of the present study report of a patient who developed pneumomediastinum shortly after an adenotonsillectomy as well as a review of the related literature.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Chest Pain ; Dyspnea ; Emphysema ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Neck Pain ; Pneumothorax ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Tonsillectomy

Acute multiple cranial neuropathies are considered as variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, which are immune-mediated diseases triggered by various cases. It is a rare disease which is related to infectious, inflammatory or systemic diseases. According to previous case reports, those affected can exhibit almost bilateral facial nerve palsy, then followed by bulbar dysfunctions (cranial nerves IX and X) accompanied by limb weakness and walking difficulties due to motor and/or sensory dysfunctions. Furthermore, reported cases of the acute multiple cranial neuropathies show electrophysiological abnormalities compatible with the typical Guillain-Barre syndromes (GBS). We recently experienced a patient with a benign infectious disease who subsequently developed symptoms of variant GBS. Here, we describe the case of a 48-year-old male patient who developed multiple symptoms of cranial neuropathy without limb weakness. His laboratory findings showed a positive result for anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. As compared with previously described variants of GBS, the patient exhibited widespread cranial neuropathy, which included neuropathies of cranial nerves III-XII, without limb involvement or ataxia.
Ataxia ; Bulbar Palsy, Progressive ; Communicable Diseases ; Cranial Nerve Diseases* ; Cranial Nerves ; Extremities* ; Facial Nerve ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paralysis ; Rare Diseases ; Walking

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antrochoanal polyp (ACP) is a benign maxillary sinus polyp that originates from the mucosa of the maxillary sinus, passes through the sinus ostium, and extends into the choana. Surgical methods employed in the treatment of antrochoanal polyp are simple avulsion, Caldwell-Luc operation, osteoplastic maxillary sinus operation, and endonasal endoscopic removal. In this study, we evaluated the clinical presentation of ACP and compared its surgical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 111 patients who were treated for ACP between January 1995 and May 2008, and analyzed clinical features, radiologic findings, and surgical results. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 111 patients (65 males, 46 females) with a mean age of 20.0 years (range, 4 to 70). Sixty-one cases were accompanied by sinusitis (20 with unilateral sinusitis, 41 with bilateral sinusitis). Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was used to treat 95 cases, and the external approaches of Caldwell-Luc operation or osteoplastic maxillary sinus operation were applied in 12 and four cases, respectively. Among those who received ESS, ACP recurred in 16 cases, whereas none of the patients who received the external approach showed recurrence. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic sinus surgery is a good alternative method for the treatment of ACP. If the antral part of ACP cannot be removed completely, an external approach such as Caldwell-Luc operation or osteoplastic maxillary sinus operation for pediatric patients may be considered to prevent recurrence.
Carbamates ; Humans ; Male ; Maxillary Sinus ; Mucous Membrane ; Organometallic Compounds ; Polyps ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Sinusitis

Burkitt's lymphoma is a highly aggressive small B-cell lymphoma. The treatment of choice is complex chemotherapy. As a rare tumor in the head and neck area, Burkitt's lymphoma usually involves cervical lymph nodes, and only fewer than 25% of cases involves extranodal regions. Involvement of the paranasal sinuses has been reported in only 14 cases in the past century. We describe here two patients with rare, sporadic, American type Burkitt's lymphoma involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses manifesting nasal obstruction. We also review clinical and histological features of Burkitt's lymphoma.
Burkitt Lymphoma ; Head ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Obstruction ; Neck ; Paranasal Sinuses

Gastric carcinoid tumors were previously believed to be rare lesions, representing less than 2% of all carcinoid tumors and less than 1% of all stomach neoplasms. More recent studies have demonstrated that they may constitute as much as l0-30% of carcinoid tumors. We recently experienced a 35-years old businessman with gastric carcinoid tumor who camplained of postprandial epigastric discomfort. Gastrofiberscope showed protruding mass with central depression and erasion which was located on greater curvature of lower body and its size was 1 x 1 cm. Gastroendoscopic biopsy was per formed. It was identified to carcinoid tumor(Argyrophilic tumor). EUS(endoscopic ultrasonography) revealed that the lesion was limited to submucosa without evidence of any metastasis to adjacent lymph node. The carcinoid tumor was successfully removed by endoscopic polypectomy. Gastrofiberscope and EUS 9months after polypectomy showed that the lesion was nearly normal mucosa without submucosal thickening.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Depression ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucous Membrane ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach Neoplasms

Paget's disease is a well-known disorder of unclear etiology that results in deformity and enlargement of single or multiple bones due to abnormal osteoclastic-osteoblastic remodeling of bone. Osteoclastoma, also known as giant cell tumor, is a rare complication of Paget's disease that usually occurs in the skull or facial bones. This is a report of a 35-year-old woman with recurrent osteoclastoma of the sino-nasal tract, a complication of Paget's disease, for which she underwent 4 operations. Clinicopathological features of this rare disease are described here.
Adult ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Facial Bones ; Female ; Giant Cell Tumors ; Humans ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Rare Diseases ; Skull

It is important to both recognize parotid duct injuries and immediately repair them to prevent complications that accompany these injuries. Although there have been some reports of successful conservative treatments of the parotid duct injury, many authors recommend early surgical repair of the parotid duct and, when possible, primary anastomosis as the best treatment. Sialography is very useful for the diagnosis of parotid duct injury and can also support the information of parotid duct system. We present three cases of successful treatment of parotid duct injury with surgical repair. Also, we discuss about the effectiveness of surgical repair of parotid duct injury and how to assess it preoperatively.
Salivary Ducts ; Sialography

Rhinogenic headache is a headache or facial pain syndrome secondary to mucosal contact points or rhinogenic causes in the absence of rhinitis/sinusitis. The authors report a case of atypical rhinogenic headache in a 72-year-old woman who presented with recurrent right side headache, which was aggravated by nasal breathing. A computed tomographic scan showed no evidence of rhinosinusitis and mucosal contact points. However, during nasal endoscopy, she had multiple pain-trigger points on the septum and lateral nasal wall. Treatment involved endoscopic reduction and radiofrequency diathermy of the pain-trigger point. Postoperatively, the headache was successfully relieved, and there was no evidence of recurrence. In this article, the authors present surgical option for the treatment of atypical rhinogenic headache.
Aged ; Diathermy* ; Endoscopy ; Facial Neuralgia ; Female ; Headache* ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Respiration