The aim of this study were to measure and compare the stress level on three type brackets and each other material (stainless steel, ceramic) with tipping and torquing forces by using the finite element analysis and to design bioniechanically favorable brackets. For this study, three kinds of brackets were selected(A:Transcend-RMO, B:Signature-Unitek, C:PAW plain archwire appliance-applied for a patent in Yonsei University). The slot size of bracket was 0.022inch and the size of archwire was 0.0175x0.025inch and taper shaped archwire was used in PAW. Loading force in tipping was 4.27N and torquing force was 32.858N applied by archwire torsion with 19.7degree and 113 degree in C type bracket. The conclusions were that (1) The finite element method proved to be a useful tool in the stress analysis of orthodontic bracket subjected to various forces. (2) With tipping, the stresses were concentrated at the gingival wall of the wire slot where it meets the mesial bracket surface and the incisal wall of the wire slot where it meets the distal bracket surface and with torquing, the stresses were concentrated at the junction of the gingival or incisal wall and base of the slot. (3) The maximum stress value was higher in torquing force than tipping force and therefore it is desirable to design on the basis of torquing force. (4) It was considered that the change in material might be affect on the diminish of stress value in the place of stess concentration. (5) The maximum stress value was highest on PAW bracket when the tipping and torquing force was applied and therefore it would be desirable to use mechanically favorable material on PAW bracket.
Finite Element Analysis ; Orthodontic Brackets* ; Steel

No abstract available.
Death Certificates* ; Korea*

Bone involvement is a common finding in many types of lymphomas, particularly in advanced stages. However, cranial vault affliction has been regarded as an exceedingly rare presentation. Here, we report the case of a patient with cranial vault lymphoma who presented with a scalp mass. An 81-year-old woman presented with a gradually growing and non-painful frontal scalp mass that she noticed one month before admission. It was a flatly elevated, round mass measuring about 6x4x4 cm. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a contrast-enhancing intracranial extradural mass at the counter-location of the scalp mass. The superior sagittal sinus was involved at the tumor site. Cerebral angiography showed that the tumor feeding vessels originated from the bilateral external carotid arteries. An operation was performed and the tumors were removed together with the involved bone. The pathologic diagnosis was malignant diffuse large B-cell type lymphoma. The patient was transferred to the Hemato-Oncology department for chemotherapy. Primary lymphoma of the cranial vault with scalp mass is very rare but it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of scalp masses. Although the results of reported cases are variable, the combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy appears to offer favorable outcomes.
Aged, 80 and over ; B-Lymphocytes ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, External ; Cerebral Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Scalp ; Superior Sagittal Sinus

Objective: : This study aimed to assess the relationship between increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and mastoid effusions (ME). Methods: : Between January 2015 and October 2018, patients who underwent intracranial surgery and had ICP monitoring catheters placed were enrolled. ICP was recorded hourly for at least 3 days. ME was determined by the emergence of opacification in mastoid air cells on follow-up brain imaging. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, presence of endotracheal tube (ETT) and nasogastric tube (NGT), duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, duration of mechanical ventilator application, diagnosis, surgical modalities, and presence of sinusitis were recorded. Each factor’s effect on the occurrence of ME was analyzed by binary logistic regression analyses. To analyze the independent effects of ICP as a predictor of ME a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: : Total of 61 (53%) out of 115 patients had ME. Among the patients who had unilateral brain lesions, 94% of subject (43/50) revealed the ipsilateral development of ME. ME developed at a mean of 11.1±6.2 days. The variables including mean ICP, peak ICP, age, trauma, CRP, ICU stays, application of mechanical ventilators and presence of ETT and NGT showed statistically significant difference between ME groups and non-ME groups in univariate analysis. Sex and the occurrence of sinusitis did not differ between two groups. Adding the ICP variables significantly improved the prediction of ME in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion : While multiple factors affect ME, this study demonstrates that ICP and ME are probably related. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanistic relationship between ICP and middle ear pressure.

BACKGROUND: Aldosterone acts as a non-hemodynamic factors on the hypertensive heart regarding sodium retension or myocardial fibrosis. To elucidate whether aldosterone is associated with the specific left ventricular geometry or not, we investigated the relationship between the upright serum aldosterone levels and the echocardiographicleft ventricular structure in the essential hypertension patients never treated. METHODS: Echocardiographic indices included M-mode measured left ventricular mass index (LVMI), relative wall thickness (RWT). Aldosterone is measured by Radioimmunoassay for the serum withdrawn from the subjects at least 3 hours upright position. 63 patients and 20 normal control subjects were evaluated. RESULTS: 1) 84.1% (63/53) of cases showed left ventricular hypertrophy. 7 patients showed normal LVMI, 3 patients showed concentric remodeling geometry. 19 patients had concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). 34 patients had eccentric LVH. 2) The serum aldosterone level has negative correlation with the RWT (r=-0.27, p=0.03) but not with LVMI (r=0.08, p=NS). There was difference among groups (ANOVA, F=0.009). Serum aldosterone is higher in eccentric LVH group than in concentric LVH group (10.5+/-1.2 ng/dL vs 5.2+/-0.6 ng/dL, p=0.0001) and than in control group (10.5+/-1.2 ng/dL vs 6.6+/-0.8 ng/dL, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that the serum aldosterone level was not correlated with the LVMI but with RWT negatively so that eccentric LVH group showed higher serum aldosterone levels than control group and concentric LVH group.
Aldosterone* ; Echocardiography ; Fibrosis ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Radioimmunoassay ; Sodium

BACKGROUND: Cathepsin D, an aspartic lysosomal proteinase, is believed to be involved in local invasion and metastasis of tumor cells by its proteolytic activity and has been described to be associated with tumor progression and prognosis in some human malignancies including breast cancer. But, its prognostic value for human lung cancer remains to be determined. The purpose of this study is to determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cathepsin D expression in non-small cell lung cancer. METHOD: Using a polyclonal antibody, immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin D was performed on paraffin embedded sections of tumors obtained surgically from 54 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (37 squamous cell carcinoma, 14 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma). RESULTS: Eighteen patients (33.3%) showed positive immunoreactivities of cathepsin D in tumor cells. No significant correlation of cathepsin D expression in tumor cells was found in p-stage (surgical-pathologic stage), tumor size, tumor factor, nodal involvement, and differentiation. Of 54 patients, 29 (53.7%) patients showed moderate to massive cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues, while the rest (46.3%) showed few cathepsin D-positive stromal cells within the tumor tissues. Cathepsin D expression n stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung cancer (p=0.031). No significant correlation of the degree of cathepsin D-positive stromal cells was found in tumor size, T-factor, nodal involvement, differentiation. Cathepsin D expression status in tumor cells and stromal cells was not significantly associated with prognosis expressed by survival rate. The results of multivariate analyses of variables possibly associated with progonosis showed that nodal involvement was the only independent prognostic factor in all patients. CONCLUSION: Cathepsin D expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with p-stage in non-small cell lung cancer. However, it was not related to other clinicopathologic features and prognosis, and Cathepsin D expression in tumor was not related to p-stage and prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Large Cell ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cathepsin D* ; Cathepsins* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Paraffin ; Prognosis* ; Stromal Cells ; Survival Rate

Hyperglycemia is one of the major risk factors for stroke. Hyperglycemia can lead to a more extensive infarct volume, aggravate neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. α-Synuclein is especially abundant in neuronal tissue, where it underlies the etiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated whether hyperglycemic conditions regulate the expression of α-synuclein in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced cerebral ischemic injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection to induce hyperglycemic conditions. MCAO were performed four weeks after streptozotocin injection to induce focal cerebral ischemia, and cerebral cortex tissues were obtained 24 hours after MCAO. We confirmed that MCAO induced neurological functional deficits and cerebral infarction, and these changes were more extensive in diabetic animals compared to non-diabetic animals. Moreover, we identified a decrease in α-synuclein after MCAO injury. Diabetic animals showed a more serious decrease in α-synuclein than non-diabetic animals. Western blot and reverse-transcription PCR analyses confirmed more extensive decreases in α-synuclein expression in MCAO-injured animals with diabetic condition than these of non-diabetic animals. It is accepted that α-synuclein modulates neuronal cell death and exerts a neuroprotective effect. Thus, the results of this study suggest that hyperglycemic conditions cause more serious brain damage in ischemic brain injuries by decreasing α-synuclein expression.
alpha-Synuclein* ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Brain Ischemia ; Cell Death ; Cerebral Cortex ; Cerebral Infarction ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Middle Cerebral Artery* ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Risk Factors ; Streptozocin ; Stroke

The present study investigated the risk of active tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with vedolizumab or ustekinumab, in actual clinical settings in a country with an intermediate tuberculosis burden. The medical records of 238 patients with IBD who received vedolizumab or ustekinumab were retrospectively reviewed at a tertiary referral center in South Korea. All patients had ≥ 3 months of follow-up duration and underwent a latent tuberculosis infection screening test before initiation of the administration of these drugs. Of the 238 patients enrolled, 181 had Crohn’s disease, and 57 had ulcerative colitis. During the median 18.7 months of follow-up, active tuberculosis did not develop in any patient treated with vedolizumab or ustekinumab. Therefore, we concluded that the risk of tuberculosis appears to be low in patients with IBD treated with vedolizumab or ustekinumab in South Korea.

Objective: Religious behaviors are considered as complex brain-based phenomena that may be associated with structural brain change. To identify the pattern of regional brain volume change in nuns, we investigated structural alterations in the brains of nuns using a fast processing automated segmentation method based on deep learning algorithms. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the catholic sisters between the ages of 31 and 80 who are members of the charity of St. Vincent de Paul of Korea. A total of 193 asymptomatic subjects (86 nuns and 107 control subjects) received comprehensive health screening and underwent brain MRI scans. We compared cortical and sub-cortical volume between groups across multiple locations using our in-house U-Net++ deep learning-based automatic segmentation tool. Results: Compared to the control group, the nun group displayed increased gray matter volume in the right lingual cortex, left isthmus-cingulate, posterior-cingulate, rostral-middle-frontal, superior-frontal, supramarginal, temporal-pole cortices, and bilateral pars-triangularis cortices after correction for multiple comparisons. On the other hand, the nun group showed reduced gray matter volume in the temporal and parietal regions relative to healthy controls. Conclusion Our study suggests that spiritual practice may affect brain structure, especially in several frontal regions involved in a higher level of insight function.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although generic clopidogrel is widely used, clinical efficacy and safety between generic and original clopidogrel had not been well evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of 2 oral formulations of clopidogrel 75 mg tablets in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between July 2006 and February 2009, 428 patients that underwent implantation with DES for CAD and completed >1 year of clinical follow-up were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the following 2 groups based on treatment formulation, Platless(R) (test formulation, n=211) or Plavix(R) (reference formulation, n=217). The incidence of 1-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) and stent thrombosis (ST) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The baseline demographic and procedural characteristics were not significantly different between two treatment groups. The incidence of 1-year MACCEs was 8.5% {19/211, 2 deaths, 4 myocardial infarctions (MIs), 2 strokes, and 11 target vessel revascularizations (TVRs)} in Platless(R) group vs. 7.4% (16/217, 4 deaths, 1 MI, 2 strokes, and 9 TVRs) in Plavix(R) group (p=0.66). The incidence of 1-year ST was 0.5% (1 definite and subacute ST) in Platless(R) group vs. 0% in Plavix(R) group (p=0.49). CONCLUSION: In this study, the 2 tablet preparations of clopidogrel showed similar rates of MACCEs, but additional prospective randomized studies with pharmacodynamics and platelet reactivity are needed to conclude whether generic clopidgrel may replace original clopidogrel.
Blood Platelets ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Stroke ; Tablets ; Thrombosis ; Ticlopidine