The prevalence of obesity in children has steadily risen during recent years in developed countries. Child obesity has become a major concern to health providers since it has grown to epidemic proportions over the past few decades. This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical status, dietary habits and life styles according to the obesity degree among obese children residing in the Gyungbuk area. The subjects were 148 elementary school students (boy 103, girl 45) and classified as mildly obese (n = 56), moderately obese (n = 61) and severely obese (n = 31) by the obesity index. The average body weight and height increased significantly according to the obesity degree (P <0.05, P <0.001). Serum cholesterol concentration came under the normal level in all groups. Serum AST activity increased according to the obesity degree but it was not significant. Serum ALT activity increased according to the obesity degree (P <0.05). Dietary habit score was lower significantly according to the obesity degree (P <0.01). Life style of the subjects was significantly different for the level of 'healthy state (P <0.05)', 'body perception (P <0.01)', 'watching TV and video (P <0.05)', 'normal sleeping hour (P <0.05)' and 'degree of stress (P <0.05)' according to the obesity degree. A positive relationship between obesity index and blood pressure, ALT has been shown in the subjects. Obesity index and dietary habit scores were negatively associated. Therefore, these results suggest that a practical nutrition-exercise education program for the prevention of child obesity should be provided to elementary school children.
Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Developed Countries ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Life Style ; Obesity ; Porphyrins ; Prevalence

Critically ill and injured patients admitted in the intensive care unit have a range of diseases with various severities. Their conditions should be assessed and the patients should receive specialized nutrition therapy depending on their condition. Like general intensive care, nutrition therapy is upgraded every few years with revised information to provide more idealized nutrition support. The main guidelines in this review are from the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Their previous 2009 guidelines were revised and published in 2016. This review summarizes the 2016 SCCM/ASPEN guidelines focusing on the changes from the previous 2009 guidelines.
Critical Care ; Critical Illness* ; Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Nutrition Therapy ; Nutritional Support*

PURPOSE: To compare the detectability and conspicuity of focal hepatic lesions among conventional spin echo techniqueniques and fast scanning techniqueniques in MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 36 patients (24 men and 12 women, mean age of 54 years) with suspected liver mass on CT scan and US underwent MR imaging at 1.5 T system. Conventional spin echo T1, T2 weighted imaging, T2 weighted fast spin echo, T1 weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient recalled(FMPSPGR) imaging and Gd-enhanced FMPSPGR(Gd-FMPSPGR) were performed. 16 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 13 cases of hemangioma, 3 cases of metastasis, 3 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, and 1 case of lymphoma were included. Lesion conspicuity and number of detected hepatic masses were compared among the MR sequences. RESULTS: Overall 63 hepatic lesions were detected in 36 patients. Lesion detection' was 63(100%) with Gd-FMPSPGR, 62(98%) with non-enhanced FMPSPGR, 58(92%) with SE T2WI, 56(89%) with SE T1WI and 54 (86%)with FSE. For solid tumors, the contrast to noise ratio was greatest on Gd-FMPSPGR which was significantly higher than any other sequences. For hemangiomas it was greatest on SE T2WI and was significantly higher than SE T1WI. In the qualitative assessment, Gd-FMPSPGR was preferred for both solid mass lesion and hemangioma. FSE was inferior to SE T2WI for lesion detection and conspicuity without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: For the evaluation of focal hepatic lesions, breath-hold FMPSPGR with and without contrast enhancement may replace the conventional SE T1WI. Because FSE was inferior to SE T2WI when the later is used with respiratory compensation in some cases, it is difficult to replace the SE T2WI with FSE. But FSE, FMPSPGR and Gd-FMPSPGR images, when combined, may replace SE T1WI and SE T2WI.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Compensation and Redress ; Female ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Liver ; Lymphoma ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Noise ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

A 62-year-old woman with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(HHT) or Osler-Weber-Rendu disease involving the liver is presented. Imaging findings including color Doppler sonograph and CT findings are described.
Female ; Humans ; Liver* ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical outcome and echocardiographic incidence of restenosis after successful percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy (PTMC) and to identify predictors of restenosis. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1992, Inoue PTM (n=73) and double balloon technique (n=85) were used in 158 consecutive patients (male 52, age; 41+/-11 year) with mitral stenosis. Clinical and echocardiographic examinations were performed annually in 137 patients who exhibited good initial result with PTMC (mitral valve area 1.5cm (2) and mitral regurgitation[MR] 2+). Restenosis was defined as a mitral valve area< (MVA) 1.5cm (2) or more than 50% loss of the initial gain in MVA. Commissural mitral regurgitation (CMR) was defined as MR originating from medical or lateral commissure on color flow imaging and regarded as an index of complete commissural splitting. RESULTS: Immediately after PTMC, MVA increased from 0.9+/-0.2cm (2) to 1.8+/-0.3cm (2) and functional class improved up to NYHA class 1 or 2 in all patients. Annual echocardiographic follow-ups were completed in 129 (94%) patients and mean follow-up duration was 54+/-21 months. Adverse events occurred in 16 (13%) patients (1 death, 3 mitral valve replacement, 3 re-PTMCs, 9 deterioration of the NYHA class), and restenosis occurred in 41 (32%) patients. Event-free and restenosis-free survival rates at 7 years were 776 % and 586 %, respectively. According to multivariate Cox analysis, restenosis (p=0.0017, relative risk[r.r]=2.82) was the only predictor of adverse events ; smaller increase ( 1.0cm (2)) of MVA (p=0.0001, r.r=4.8) and the absence of CMR (p=0.0000, r.r=4.8) were independent predictors of restenosis. CONCLUSION: Long-term clinical outcomes and restenosis rates after PTMC are favorable and immediate results after PTMC can predict late restenosis better than baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
Echocardiography* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mitral Valve ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of T2-weighted imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography using the single shot fast spin-echo technique for evaluating pancreaticobiliary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: B e t ween March and July 1997, axial and coronal T2-weighted images ( T E : 8 0 -2 00 msec) and MR cholangiopancreatograms(TE:800 -1 2 00 msec) were obtained in two ways [single slab (thickness:30 -50 mm) and multislice acquisition under chemical fat saturation] using SSFSE pulse sequencing in 131 cases of suspected pancreati-cobiliary disease. The accuracy of SSFSE MR imaging was assessed in 89 lesions of 74 patients [male,48; female,26; age range, 3 0 -86 (mean,59)years] confirmed surgicopathologically(50 lesions in 39 patients) and clinically (39 lesions in 35 patients). Two radiologists reviewed the MR images and diagnosis was determined by consensus. RESULTS: Correct diagnosis was confirmed in 84 of 89 lesions (94 %). Seven lesions were falsely interpreted, false positive and false negative results accounting for two and five cases, respective l y. Two pancreatic cancers were misdiagnosed as pancreatitis and a cancer of the proximal common bile duct(CBD) was interpreted as a distal CBD cancer. The sensitivity of SSFSE MR imaging for malignancy was 93 %. One CBD stone revealed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was not detected on MR images. In contrast, a stone in the CBD seen on MR images was not apparent on subsequent ERC P. Sensitivity and specificity for calculous disease were 96 % and 99.7 %, respective l y. A benign stricture of the ampulla of Vater was falsely interpreted as normal, and correct diagnosis was possible in two falsely diagnosed cases when MR images were rev i ewed retrospectively. CONCLUSION: The combination of T2-weighted and cholangiographic images using SSFSE is an accurate method for diagnosing pancreaticobiliary diseases.
Ampulla of Vater ; Bile ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance* ; Consensus ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Pancreatitis ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-ninenamide), a compound found in hot peppers, has been reported to have different physiological actions on different cell types. Not much work has been done about the effect of capsaicin on the function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). In the present study, we examined the action of external application of capsaicin on pacemaker activity in the cultured ICC from the small intestine of mouse. METHODS: We investigated the effect of capsaicin on pacemaker currents in cultured ICC from the small intestine of mouse using a whole cell patch-clamp technique and Ca2+-imaging analysis. RESULTS: When capsaicin was applied externally to the pacemaker generating ICC, it completely inhibited the pacemaker potential under current-clamp mode (I = 0) and the pacemaker current under voltage-clamp mode at a -70 mV of holding potentials. The effect of capsaicin on pacemaker activity in ICC was shown dose dependently. The effect of capsaicin was not through the transient receptor potential of the vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel as capsazepine did not block the effect of capsaicin. L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, also did not block the capsaicin-induced effects. When the action of capsaicin was examined in the intracellular calcium oscillation, it completely abolished the calcium oscillation. CONCLUSIONS: These results prove that the capsaicin has the inhibitory effects on the ICC which is carried out neither through TRPV channel nor the nitric oxide production. Intracellular Ca2+ was also an important target for actions of capsaicin on ICC.
Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Capsaicin ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal ; Intestine, Small ; Mice ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Patch-Clamp Techniques

The aconite root has been used in oriental medicine to improve metabolism of debilitated patient and to cure acute dysuria, cardiac weakness, gout, neuralgias and rheumatism. The crude drug "bu-shi" or "cho-oh", which is obtained from the Aconitum roots, contains the potent poisons aconitine, mesaconitine, jesaconitine, and hypaconitine, which are C
Aconitine ; Aconitum* ; Adult ; Alkaloids ; Animal Experimentation ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Dizziness ; Dysuria ; Gout ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Metabolism ; Nausea ; Neuralgia ; Poisons ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Shock* ; Tachycardia ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Torsades de Pointes ; Ventricular Fibrillation ; Vomiting

Lipid accumulation in macrophages is a prominent phenomenon observed in atherosclerosis.Previously, intimal foamy macrophages (FM) showed decreased inflammatory gene expression compared to intimal non-foamy macrophages (NFM). Since reprogramming of lipid metabolism in macrophages affects immunological functions, lipid profiling of intimal macrophages appears to be important for understanding the phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. While lipidomic analysis has been performed in atherosclerotic aortic tissues and cultured macrophages, direct lipid profiling has not been performed in primary aortic macrophages from atherosclerotic aortas. We utilized nanoflow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to provide comprehensive lipid profiles of intimal non-foamy and foamy macrophages and adventitial macrophages from Ldlr−/− mouse aortas. We also analyzed the gene expression of each macrophage type related to lipid metabolism. FM showed increased levels of fatty acids, cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin. However, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and ceramide levels were decreased in FM compared to those in NFM. Interestingly, FM showed decreased triacylglycerol (TG) levels. Expressions of lipolysis-related genes including Pnpla2 and Lpl< were markedly increased but expressions of Lpin2 and Dgat1 related to TG synthesis were decreased in FM. Analysis of transcriptome and lipidome data revealed differences in the regulation of each lipid metabolic pathway in aortic macrophages. These comprehensive lipidomic data could clarify the phenotypes of macrophages in the atherosclerotic aorta.

No abstract available.
Cystitis*