Background: Eye diseases constitute one of the common health problems presenting to the general practice clinic and could have significant socioeconomic consequences Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of different eye diseases among patients attending the Ophthalmic Outpatient Clinic of the Second General Hospital of Mongolia from 2016 to 2018. Methods: This study was carried out on 12271 patients recruited from the ophthalmic outpatient clinic of the Second General Hospital of Mongolia. The study was performed from January 2016 to December 2018. All participants were subjected to fulfilling a demographic data, a detailed ophthalmological history and a complete Ophthalmological Examination. Results and conclusions Cataract are the most common eye disease among the study group followed by the refractive error and glaucoma. The prevalence of blindness and low vision was higher in elder groups and the leading cause of bilateral blindness were glaucoma. To decrease the incidence and prevalence of ocular morbidity, it is necessary to establish an eye center in the community

Introduction. An uncommon complication of radial arterial blood sampling/cannulation is disruption ofthe artery (obstruction by clot), placing the hand at risk of ischemia. Those people who lack the dualsupply are at much greater risk of ischemia. The risk can be reduced by performing Allen’s test beforehand. People who have a single blood supply in one hand often have a dual supply in the other, allowingthe practitioner to take blood from the side with dual supply.The utility of the Allen’s test is questionable,[1] and no direct correlation with reduced ischemiccomplications of radial artery cannulation have ever been proven. In 1983, Slogoff and colleaguesreviewed 1,782 radial artery cannulations and found that 25% of them resulted in complete radial arteryocclusion, without apparent adverse effects.[2] A number of reports have been published in whichpermanent ischemic sequelae occurred even in the presence of a normal Allen’s test.[3, 4] In addition,the results of Allen’s tests do not appear to correlate with distal blood flow as demonstrated by fluorescein dye injections.[5, 6]Goal. Transradial coronary catheterization across the whole spectrum of Allen’s test results was safeand feasible to address the current uncertainty about the predictive capacity of the Allen’s test fortransradial access.Materials and Methods: This type of descriptive research methods. The patients assisted by SSCHand there were between the ages of 54-88, totally 28 patients. The hand is elevated and the patient/person is asked to make a fist for about 30 seconds.Pressure is applied over the ulnar and the radial arteries so as to occlude both of them.Still elevated, the hand is then opened. It should appear blanched (pallor can be observed at the fingernails). Ulnar pressure is released and the color should return in 7 seconds. If color returns as describedabove, the Allen’s test is considered to be “POSITIVE.” If color fails to return, the test is considered“NEGATIVE” and the ulnar artery supply to the hand is not sufficient. The radial artery therefore cannotbe safely pricked/cannulated.ResultPatients with non-normal Allen’s test results 32.1%.There weren’t any correlation of probability between positive Allen’s test and myocardial infarction, postPCI procedure (p value >0.05).There were correlation of probability between positive Allen’s test and dyslipidemia, DM (p value<0.05).Conclusion:1. We need perform Allen’s test indispensably when transradial coronary catheterization, becausethere were positive Allen’s test not small percent.2. There aren’t additional risk with old myocardial infarction and post PCI procedure patients, becausethere weren’t any correlation.3. There were correlation of probability between positive Allen’s test and dyslipidemia, DM. Thereforedoctors should select artery femoralis if patient have dyslipidemia and DM.

Introduction: Prevalence of asthma is increasing year by year, especially among children and exposure to high levels of indoor allergens is a very important factor [1]. Cockroaches are an important cause of asthma in many other regions of the world, including Taiwan, Thailand and Singapore in the Pacific Rim, Costa Rica and Puerto Rico in Centrel America, India, South Africa and more recently, Europe [2]. Goal: The aim of this study was determined total protein amounts allergenic proteins and protein bands of сockroach.Material and Methods: The сockroachs were collected in Ulaanbaatar. The allergenic protein components of the сockroach was purified by the method of Hames Richmond. The total protein of extracts was measured by the Bradford method and the protein components of cockroach were determined by the SDS-PAGE.Results: Among the 4000 known species of cockroaches, only 5 commonly inhabit homes and have the potential to contribute to indoor allergens. These include the American (periplaneta americana), German (Blattella germanica), Oriental (Blatta orientals), Smokey brown (Periplaneta fuliginosa), and brownbanded (Supella longipalpis) varieties [3]. We were defined 2,25mg/ml protein amounts (w/v) in extracts of the purified and lyophilized protein of the сockroach. We were used a standard marker 195,7; 104,0; 59,8; 41,6; 27,8; 21,1; 15,2; 6,5kd molecular weight proteins on the 13% separation gel of SDS-PAGE. On column determined protein bands with 82,3; 59,9; 55,2; 44,0; 41,6; 34,4, 22,7, 17,1 kd molecular weights.Conclusions: The сockroach was included 8 allergenic protein components between ranges of 17,1-82,3 kd molecular weights were determined in the extracts of the body Blatella germanica.

Background: To strengthen access to health care and services to the population, there is a need to strengthen surveillance-information-control systems based on statistical data and risk-based approaches to disease control. Methods: We have used the report of the Polyclinic Eye cabinet 2016-2018 and the reports of illnesses. Results: In 2016-2018, 12271 people served as policlinic eye cabinets, of which 2935 / 23.9% / male% 9336 / 76.1% / women.. The number of cases of blindness and low vision (H54) was higher than in 2018. Most of the patients were older, while the greater the blindness of the cataract. Conclusions Eye-to-eye function is not in the best condition for current illnesses and needs, therefore, it is necessary to establish a eye center for further diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a cancer of significant morbidity and mortality in the worldwide. It is the second most common urological cancer in Mongolia. It is important to understand the risk factors of bladder cancer.We evaluated the association of smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index and other potential risk factors with bladder cancer incidence in Mongolians.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from a case-control study (116 histologically confirmed bladder cancer cases and 300 cancer-free healthy, age, gender-matched controls). All participants signed the consent form andfilled out the structured questionnaire including cigarette smoking, BMI, chronic urinary disease andalcohol drinking etc. Using logistic regression we estimated the covariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and95% confidence interval (CI) of the associations.RESULTS: Mean age of the patients with bladder cancer was 56±10.5 years and 79.3% male and 20.7% female.Cigarette smoking, history of urinary tract diseases and body mass index were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer OR 6, 48 (95% CI 1, 61-1, 70), OR 80 (95% CI 1, 48-1, 93) and OR=9.8 (95% CI 2.32-2.91) respectively but not alcohol drinking OR 0, 26 (95% CI 1, 56-1, 66).CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that cigarette smoking, history of urinary tract diseases and body mass indexincreased risk of bladder cancer in Mongolian patients.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) revolutionizedthe treatment of urolithiasis and graduallybecame the favorite treatment option sothat today it is considered to be the first lineof treatment for patients with urolithiasis.The purpose of this study was assessment oftherapeutic efficacy, complications of ESWLin urolithiasis in Mongolia.Material and methods: A total of46 patients harboring renal and ureteralstones underwent ESWL between March2016 and September 2016 at First CentralHospital of Mongolia. Karl Storz ModulithSLK electromagnetic machines were usedto impart shock waves. All collected stonefragments sent for biochemical analysis.Results: A total of 46 patients 23 weremales (50%). Patients were mean age of34. The stone size distribution was 0.5cmto 3.1cm. The average treatment time wasranging from 75-110 minutes. The averagenumber of shock waves per treatmentwas 3172±378 (range 1500-4000). Theoverall success rate was 75.73%. All calculidisintegrated satisfactorily except for 3stones, which is located lower 1/3rd ofureter. Stone composition analysis proved tobe composed entirely or predominantly ofcalcium oxalate monohydrate. These patientsrequired to have ureterolithoextraction. Calculicomposition for remaining patients 12 werecalcium oxalate monohydrate, 17 calciumoxalate dehydrate, 6 uric acid and 1 struvite.Complications were mostly minor and rare.Most of the patients (90.7%) developedmacroscopic hematuria after treatment; fewpatients developed mild bruising at the entryand exit sites of the shockwaves on the bodywall. Severe complications such as renalhematoma and steinstrasse were diagnosedfor one patient each and their managementwas non-surgical.Conclusion: ESWL is therefore the firstline treatment for urolithiasis with stonesize smaller than 2cm. It has an efficiencyrate above 75, low procedure time, highsafety and good tolerability and minimalcomplication.

BACKGROUND. To introduce a new electronic technology which is mobile-based ophthalmoscope to the clinical practice for the patients with diabetes and hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS. There are 32 participants who were diagnosed with hypertension (blood pressure measured more than 140/90 mm Hg three times a month or for 2 weeks) participated in our study. We selected the patients with type II diabetes and hypertension who were referred to the RTW diabetes center. RESULTS. In the hypertensive group, based on Keith Wagener Barker (KWB) Grades, there are 1st and 2nd degree retinopathy cases are more common and it increases with the age. In the diabetic group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed among the patients aged above 60 years old and it correlates with the duration of disease.

Background: Studies from other countries have identified multiple contributing factors to renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We conducted this study to investigate the relationship between RCC and certain risk factors among the Mongolian pop ulation. Aim: To identify the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Mongolian individuals. Material and Methods: This case-control study included 88 patients diagnosed with RCC (confirmed by pathological examination) in the case group. The control group consisted of 88 healthy individuals matched by age and gender. A case-control study design was used. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted on the questionnaire results from both groups to identify risk factors for RCC through both univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: A total of 176 participants were included in the study-88 with RCC and 88 without cancer. Statistically signif icant associations with RCC were found for hypertension, urinary tract diseases, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Although weight gain appeared to increase the risk for RCC, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Individuals with hypertension, a history of urinary tract diseases, smokers, and alcohol users are at a higher risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.

Background: Among the total healthcare waste generated from health-related activities, 10–20% is considered haz ardous, posing significant threats to both the environment and human health. Approximately 3% of healthcare waste is pharmaceutical waste. In Ulaanbaatar city, an estimated 2.65 tons of healthcare waste is generated daily (0.78 tons of medical waste and 1.87 tons of general waste). With the continuous increase in pharmaceutical consumption, the improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste has emerged as a major environmental concern, adversely affecting nature, animals, and the food chain. Contamination from pharmaceutical waste, such as the development of antibiotic resistance, is closely linked to inadequate public awareness of waste management. Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of pharmacy technicians in community pharmacies regarding pharmaceutical waste management. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pharmacy technicians across Mongolia. As of 2023, there are 4,959 licensed pharmacy professionals in the country. Using a representative sampling method, data were collected from 360 pharmacist and pharmacy technicians. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 360 pharmacists from both urban and rural areas participated in the study. The assessment was based on a 5-point Likert scale, with scores of 1-2 considered negative and 3–5 considered positive. The average scores for knowledge, skills, and attitudes were 3.3, 3.06, and 3.25 respectively. While individual scores were satisfactory, the re sults of questions targeting social awareness were relatively low. Conclusion The knowledge, skills, and attitudes of pharmacy technicians regarding pharmaceutical waste management were found to be satisfactory. However, to further improve knowledge levels, it is recommended to implement additional training programs related to pharmaceutical waste management among pharmacy technicians.