The environment around working process of the referees during matches will burden him or her physically by doing specific actions frequently and give negative effects on musculoskeletal system. In order to find out musculoskeletal pain has occurred on specific muscles, surveys have been taken by 44 referees in K-league for this thesis. We evaluated the differences between referee and assistant referee. Fourteen (87.5%) referees and twenty-four (89.3%) assistant referees stated that they had one musculoskeletal pain. For referees, 43.8% had hamstring pains, 31.3% had calf muscle pains, and 25% had low back pains. For assistant referees, 39.3% felt knee pains, 32.1% had adductors pains, 28.5% felt calf muscle pains. Therefore, with the data analysis by dividing their roles, both groups had similar effect on hamstring and knee joint. For the question asking for the personal reasons of the pains were 61.4% of 'Carelessness of physical fitness', 47.7% of 'repetition of certain actions', and 43.2% of 'lack of treatment after being damaged'. Also, in order to prevent pain, the referees answered that they train personally (40.9%), rest appropriately (20.5%), and go to hospital for treatment (18.2%). After receiving the result of this study, training programs and education are needed to prevent pain. Moreover, on the next study, fundamental causes of the pains should be found by using history taking, physical examination, medical and scientific machines in order to analyze the movements of the referees' human dynamics.
Education ; Football ; Humans ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Low Back Pain ; Muscles ; Musculoskeletal Pain* ; Musculoskeletal System ; Myalgia ; Physical Examination ; Statistics as Topic

Objective: To determine the current cost, medication preferences, willingness to pay for symptom relief and reduced adverse events of adult patients with acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among adult Filipinos consulted for musculoskeletal conditions at Family Medicine Clinic. Data were collected through a questionnaire and a systematic sampling of respondents. Results: The study had a total of 342 participants with degenerative osteoarthritis as the most common primary diagnosis. Twenty percent (N=69/342) were acutely symptomatic while 273/342 (80%) have chronic musculoskeletal pain. Most would prefer medicines at a lower price point, effectively reduces pain, fast onset of action, longer therapeutic effects and less adverse effects. Willingness-to-pay was at an average price of Php 86.11 (SD±15.47) per pill for complete symptom relief. Conclusion Adult Filipinos with musculoskeletal pain symptoms prefer pain medicines with good symptom control, less adverse event and were willing to pay for complete symptom relief at an average of eighty-six pesos per pill.
Musculoskeletal Pain ; Analgesics

This paper reports a case of musculoskeletal chronic pain and evaluates the serviceability of the approarch of psychosomatic orthopedics to musculoskeletal chronic pain with secondary fibromyalgia due to Sjogren's syndrome. There are many so-called musculoskeletal life-related diseases, i. go, degenerative spondylosis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, neck-shoulder-arm syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. The patient suffers from a functional somatic syndrome that includes fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome and the symptom called ‘painful depression’ that consists of the complex of pain and depressive state. However many of orthopaedic physicians have an inclination to interpret ‘psychogenic’ as ‘mere fancy’ or ‘exaggerated’. The orthopedic physician that does not suspect the psycho-social background of the patient's pain can make a good relationship with the patient, because the physician treats the psychosomatic patient as organic disease.
Patients ; Pain ; musculoskeletal ; seconds ; Approaches

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to identify the sleep status of daytime workers who do not work in shifts. This study analyzed factors affecting sleep duration and sleep quality. METHODS: This study was conducted on 1171 daytime workers at a manufacturing workshop. We used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate demographic variables, work type, working period, musculoskeletal symptoms and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep. Regular health checkup was conducted for the worker’s clinical examination. RESULTS: The mean sleep duration was 6.36 h and the mean score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was 4.46. Work type and obesity were related to sleep duration. Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were significantly related to sleep quality. The prevalence ratio of researcher group for short sleep duration was 1.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.58). The prevalence ratio of those aged 50 years and over was 0.47 (0.25–0.91) and of those in their 40s was 0.56 (0.35–0.91) for poor sleep quality compared to those in their 20s. The prevalence ratio of the obesity group for poor sleep quality was 1.53 (1.10–2.12). The prevalence ratio of musculoskeletal pain group for poor sleep quality was 1.92 (1.29–2.84). CONCLUSIONS: Age, obesity and musculoskeletal pain were factors affecting the poor quality on sleep of daytime workers. In addition, work type related to short sleep duration.
Education ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Obesity ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to introduce the prevention programs for musculoskeletal disorders in one farming village. METHODS: We visited the village hall 12 times and gave an education program 9 times to residents. At the beginning, the middle, and the end of the program, we evaluated musculoskeletal disorders by doctors, musculoskeletal pains using the visual analogue scale, muscular strengths and flexibilities and musculoskeletal functions using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: Fifty seven residents participated in this program at least one time, 20 (35.1%) were males and 37 (64.9%) were females. The mean age of participants is 60.7 (+/-8.1). Forty three residents were evaluated by doctors at least one time. Thirty three residents were diagnosed to at least one musculoskeletal disease. The severity of pains of neck-shoulders, low backs, and leg-knees tended to decline while 3 tests went by and those of the 3rd test are less severe than the 1st test statistically significantly (p<0.05). Musculoskeletal functions were improved as tests went by but not differed statistically significantly. Muscular strengths and flexibilities were better in the 1st than the 3rd test statistically significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the program were held in off-season for farmers and the number of participants are small, through the program, musculoskeletal pains and functions were improved and muscular strengths and flexibilities were strengthened. We think that the program needs to be held during the busy farming season as well as the off-season.
Agriculture ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Seasons

BACKGROUND: Stochastic resonance whole-body vibration training (SR-WBV) was tested to reduce work-related musculoskeletal complaints. METHODS: Participants were 54 white-collar employees of a Swiss organization. The controlled crossover design comprised two groups each given 4 weeks of exercise and no training during a second 4-week period. Outcome was daily musculoskeletal well-being, musculoskeletal pain, and surefootedness. In addition, participants performed a behavioral test on body balance prior to when SR-WBV started and after 4 weeks of SR-WBV. RESULTS: Across the 4-week training period, musculoskeletal well-being and surefootedness were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas musculoskeletal pain was significantly reduced only in those who reported low back pain during the last 4 weeks prior to the study (p < 0.05). Body balance was significantly increased by SR-WBV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: SR-WBV seems to be an efficient option in primary prevention of musculoskeletal complaints and falls at work.
Cross-Over Studies ; Low Back Pain ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Musculoskeletal System ; Occupational Health ; Primary Prevention ; Vibration* ; Workplace*

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of prolotherapy in relieving the pain of patients with tendon or ligament laxity. METHOD: The subjects were 67 patients (40 male, 27 female) who were suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain, excluding those with metabolic diseases that could influence the nature of the pain. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by checking the VAS score after a monthly injection of 15% dextrose solution injected around the patient's ligaments and teno-osseous junction that were suspicious of laxity. This same procedure was followed after a second injection. To make an accurate evaluation before and after the treatment, the use of NSAID, physical therapy or exercise therapy was prohibited. RESULTS: The mean pain duration of the subjects was 5.48+/-7.04 years, and the mean age of the subjects was 49.58+/-16.52 years. The result from VAS showed a statistically remarkable reduction after the injection (p<0.01). The VAS decreased from 7.00+/-0.17 to 4.31+/-0.21 after the first injection and this score further decreased to 2.55+/-0.19 after the second injection. There was no statistically significant relationship between the duration of pain and the effect of the treatment (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This research demonstrated that prolotherapy is an effective method in treating patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain caused by tendon or ligament relaxation.
Chronic Pain* ; Exercise Therapy ; Glucose ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Musculoskeletal System* ; Relaxation ; Tendons

BACKGROUND: This study was planned to investigate the relationship between musculoskeletal problems, depression, and quality of life in students preparing for university entrance exams. METHODS: A total of 180 students were included in the study, 104 were female (57.77%), and 76 were male (42.22%). Students were reached through the cram schools (“dershane”) in Denizli. Musculoskeletal system problems, depression status, and quality of life were determined with the Musculoskeletal-Postural Discomfort Scale (MDS), Boratav Depression Screen Scale (Bordepta), and Short Form-36 (SF-36), respectively. Demographic data, daily study, and sleep duration were also recorded. RESULTS: Students have moderate musculoskeletal discomfort. Musculoskeletal disorders and depressive symptoms are more observed in female students than male students (P = 0.000). The SF-36 results were significantly negatively correlated with the MDS and Bordepta scores. A significant positive correlation was found between musculoskeletal disorders and depression status (r = 0.351, P = 0.000). Sleep duration was negatively correlated with the MDS and Bordepta (r = −0.209, P = 0.005; r = −0.148, P = 0.047, respectively) and positively correlated with the SF-36 role limitation/emotional and social functioning subscales (r = 0.225, P = 0.002 and r = 0.191, P = 0.010 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal problems and depression status negatively affects general health status especially in female students who are preparing for university entrance examinations. Students should be informed about musculoskeletal problems by healthcare professionals and the study room, tables, and chairs should be arranged ergonomically. Further studies might be determined that why musculoskeletal disorders and depression status are more widely among female students.
Delivery of Health Care ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Musculoskeletal System* ; Quality of Life*

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare differences in lifestyle diseases, musculoskeletal pain, psychosocial stress, and self-health awareness according to gender in Korean farmers. METHODS: The study population comprised 436 farmers residing in rural areas in Korea. A self-administered questionnaire was used to survey demographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and musculoskeletal pain. The psychosocial well-being index short form (PWI-SF) was used to survey psychosocial stress, and the 12-item short form health survey (SF-12) was used to survey self-health awareness. In addition, a clinical examination was performed for each participant, and lifestyle diseases were identified through a health checkup. RESULTS: Among lifestyle diseases, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for metabolic syndrome (OR: 4.57 [95% CI, 1.67–12.51]). For musculoskeletal pain, females again showed significantly higher proportion than males for hand pain (OR: 16.79 [95% CI, 3.09–91.30]), and pain in at least one body part (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.16–4.70]). For psychosocial stress, females showed a significantly higher proportion than males for high-risk stress (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.17–8.24]). Among the items in self-health awareness, females showed significantly higher proportion than males for mental component score (MCS) (OR: 3.10 [95% CI, 1.52–6.31]) and total score (OR: 2.34 [95% CI, 1.11–4.90]). CONCLUSIONS: For all items that showed significant differences, females showed higher proportion than males, which indicates that female farmers tended to have poorer overall health than male farmers. Therefore, specialized programs will have to be developed to improve the health of female farmers.
Farmers ; Female ; Hand ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Musculoskeletal Pain

OBJECTIVE: To compare the factors such as quality of life (QOL), anxiety and pain intensity in patients with acute and chronic pain. METHOD: Twenty patients with acute (pain duration <2 months) and chronic (pain duration >3 months) musculoskeletal pain were recruited. Pain intensity was assessed using 3 measures: ratings of average pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS), ratings of average pain on the short form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), and ratings of pain on the present pain intensity (PPI) verbal rating scale. Quality of life and anxiety were assessed using 2 measures: the SF-36 (medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey) and the STAI (state-trait anxiety inventory). RESULTS: The SF-36 scale was lower and state anxiety scale was higher in chronic pain group. The SF-36 and the state anxiety scale revealed significant difference between the acute and chronic groups (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the the groups regarding pain intensity and the trait anxiety scale. CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic pain showed low well-being status and increased anxiety level compared to acute pain patients. According to the above results, proper management of chronic pain might be helpful for enhancing their psychosocial function.
Acute Pain ; Anxiety ; Chronic Pain ; Humans ; Musculoskeletal Pain ; Pain Measurement ; Quality of Life