Anesthesia ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central ; therapeutic use ; Respiratory System

Belching is a normal physiological function that may occur when ingested air accumulated in the stomach is expelled or when food containing air and gas produced in the gastrointestinal tract is expelled. Excessive belching can cause patients to complain of abdominal discomfort, disturbed daily life activities, decreased quality of life and may be related to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, aerophagia and rumination syndrome. Belching disorders can be classified into aerophagia and unspecified belching disorder according to the Rome III criteria. Since the introduction of multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring, efforts are being made to elucidate the types and pathogenic mechanisms of belching disorders. Treatment modalities such as behavioral therapy, speech therapy, baclofen, tranquilizers and proton pump inhibitors can be attempted, but further investigations on the effective treatment of belching disorders are warranted.
Aerophagy ; Behavior Therapy ; Eructation/metabolism/*pathology/therapy ; Humans ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/therapeutic use ; Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Quality of Life ; Speech Therapy

Aged ; Baclofen ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Hiccup ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; surgery ; Young Adult

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications. In the last decade, GERD has been increasing in Korea. Seventeen consensus statements for the treatment of GERD were developed using the modified Delphi approach. Acid suppression treatments, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histmine-2 receptor antagonists and antacids are effective in the control of GERD-related symptoms. Among them, PPIs are the most effective medication. Standard dose PPI is recommended as the initial treatment of erosive esophagitis (for 8 weeks) and non-erosive reflux disease (at least for 4 weeks). Long-term continuous PPI or on-demand therapy is required for the majority of GERD patients after the initial treatment. Anti-reflux surgery can be considered in well selected patients. Prokinetic agents and mucosal protective drugs have limited roles. Twice daily PPI therapy can be tried to control extra-esophageal symptoms of GERD. For symptomatic patients with Barrett's esophagus, long-term treatment with PPI is required. Further studies are strongly needed to develop better treatment strategies for Korean patients with GERD.
Antacids/therapeutic use ; Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Gastroesophageal Reflux/surgery/*therapy ; Histamine Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/therapeutic use ; Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use

Tetanus is uncommon in Korea due to the introduction of vaccination programs and advances in public health. A case of maternal tetanus occurred on the 9 day postpartum in a 29-yr-old woman, who had not received a 10-yr-booster of tetanusdiphtheria toxoid after receiving the primary series of tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccine. There has hitherto been no reports on maternal tetanus in Korea. This case illustrates that tetanus remains a medical problem, principally among nonand underimmunized adults. The only way to fully prevent this disease is to ensure adequate immunization in all adults.
Adult ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/*therapeutic use ; Diazepam/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/*therapeutic use ; Immunization, Passive ; Korea ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/*therapeutic use ; *Postpartum Period ; Tetanus/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome

No abstract available.
Aged ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Foot Injuries/*complications ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central/therapeutic use ; Tetanus/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Tetanus Toxoid/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Trismus/diagnosis/drug therapy/*microbiology ; Wounds, Stab/*complications