OBJECTIVETo summarize the Jijgiin theory and study the essence of Jingjin.

METHODSAnalyze the meaning of the word, anatomical basis, symptoms and treatment of Jingjin.

CONCLUSIONThe Jingjin theory in the Internal Classic is formed on the basis of 12 division method of the surface, reflecting internal relations among the skeletal muscles and the crux of injury, and summarizing treatment methods of Jingjin diseases; and the meaning of essence of the Jingjin is nerve and muscles.

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Meridians ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Nervous System ; anatomy & histology

The location of the motor point of the gastrocnemius muscle was accurately defined relative to surrounding bony landmarks to facilitate the approach to the nerve of the gastrocnemius muscle during treatment for gastrocnemius muscle spasticity. Anatomic dissection of 40 cadaver knees was undertaken for morphometric measurement. The distances from the epicondyle of the femur to the motor branch, and from the motor branch to the motor point of the nerve to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle were 3.68 +/- 11.44 mm, and 37.79 +/- 7.80 mm, respectively; while those of the nerve to lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle were 4.45 +/- 11.96 mm, and 32.16 +/- 4.64 mm, respectively. The tibial nerve lay 44.57 +/- 5.45% and 56.30 +/- 4.73% from the lateral margins of the epicondyle and the fibular head, respectively. Careful consideration of the morphometry of the motor point of the gastrocnemius muscle may provide accurate anatomical guidance, and hence reduce complications during the chemical blockage of these nerves.
Human ; Muscle Spasticity/*therapy ; Muscle, Skeletal/*innervation ; Tibial Nerve/anatomy & histology

OBJECTIVEReport on the intramuscular innervation and vascular supply of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) and the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the musculo tendon architecture, i.e., the physiological cross-sectional area and fiber length; and explore the possibility of splitting FCU and FCR into 2 parts with individual independent function.

METHODSAnatomic study, angiogram and Sibler's staining technique were carried on human and monkey cadavers. The electric stimulation study was used to reveal independent contraction of each part on monkey FCU and FCR.

RESULTSIt was found that the innervation and blood supply of FCU and FCR come primarily from the proximal neurovascular pedicles. The primary nerve and vascular branch supplying the muscles were divided into 2 subbranches and inserted the proximal quarter of the muscle belly. Then each of the nerve and blood subbranches mn parallel to the central tendon on each side supplying the radial and ulnar compartments of FCU and FCR toward the distal musculotendinous junction. Independence of function of each compartment was confirmed in electrical stimulation studies in primate FCU and FCR. The results of each compartment of the human FCU and FCR architectures were measured and compared with the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor digitorum communis to the index, middle, ring, and small.

CONCLUSIONSBoth FCU and FCR can be split from the distal to the proximal along its tendon into 2 independently functioning neuromuscular compartments. Both radial compartment and ulnar compartment have its own nerve and adequate blood supply. And the study provides useful information for enabling the local transfer of the two muscles as a whole or two separate compartments, both for resurfacing skin soft-tissue defects and for functional tendon transfer.

Adult ; Animals ; Haplorhini ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal ; blood supply ; innervation ; Radius ; Ulna ; Wrist

PURPOSE: To identify the anatomy of the levator aponeurosis (LA) and Whitnall's ligament (WL) in Korean subjects using cadavers. METHODS: Orbital exenteration was performed in ten cadavers (20 eyeballs) that had no history of trauma near the eyeball. We observed characteristics of WL (tension, density, and shape) and the relationship between the superior rectus muscle (SR) and the levator palpebrae superioris. We measured the distance from both the eyelid margin and the upper border of the tarsal plate to the insertion of the LA medially, centrally, and laterally. RESULTS: The WLs we observed showed several shapes. In 12 eyes, we saw clear, white fibrotic bands, while in four others, we found thin, less taut bands. In four eyes, we were unable to identify the precise shape of the band. The insertions of the LA showed nasal dehiscence in 13 eyes and parallel attachment in seven eyes. The distances from the eyelid margin to the insertion of the LA medially, centrally, and laterally were 8.31 mm, 5.57 mm, and 5.15 mm, respectively. The distances from the upper border of the tarsal plate to the insertion of the LA medially, centrally, and laterally were 2.75 mm, 4.82 mm, and 4.29 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the anatomy of WL and the LA in Korean subjects and may be helpful as a reference in levator muscle surgery.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cadaver ; Eyelids/*anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Ligaments/*anatomy & histology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology ; Oculomotor Muscles/anatomy & histology ; Tendons/*anatomy & histology

The palmaris longus is harvested as a tendon graft in various surgical procedures. We herein report the variations in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon. During a routine dissection, a rare variation in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon was observed. In the left forearm, the palmaris longus tendon bifurcated, while in the right forearm, the palmaris longus tendon trifurcated, giving rise to an accessory muscle, which passed superficial to the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve. The accessory muscle was supplied by a deep branch of the ulnar nerve, and the ulnar artery was observed to be tortuous. During reconstructive surgeries, surgeons should bear in mind the accessory muscle. Also, since the palmaris longus muscle provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery, every surgeon should be aware of the variations in the insertion of the palmaris longus tendon.
Cadaver ; Forearm ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; Tendons ; anatomy & histology ; Ulnar Artery ; anatomy & histology ; Ulnar Nerve ; anatomy & histology

AIMTo summarize recent advances in human penile anatomy, hemodynamics and their clinical applications.

METHODSUsing dissecting, light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy the fibroskeleton structure, penile venous vasculature, the relationship of the architecture between the skeletal and smooth muscles, and erection hemodynamics were studied on human cadaveric penises and clinical patients over a period of 10 years.

RESULTSThe tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa is a bi-layered structure with inner circular and outer longitudinal collagen bundles. Although there is no bone in the human glans, a strong equivalent distal ligament acts as a trunk of the glans penis. A guaranteed method of local anesthesia for penile surgeries and a tunical surgery was developed accordingly. On the venous vasculature it is elucidated that a deep dorsal vein, a couple of cavernosal veins and two pairs of para-arterial veins are located between the Buck's fascia and the tunica albuginea. Furthermore, a hemodynamic study suggests that a fully rigid erection may depend upon the drainage veins as well, rather than just the intracavernosal smooth muscle. It is believed that penile venous surgery deserves another look, and that it may be meaningful if thoroughly and carefully performed. Accordingly, a penile venous surgery was developed.

CONCLUSIONUsing this new insight into penile anatomy and physiology, exact penile curvature correction, refined penile implants and promising penile venous surgery, as well as a venous patch, for treating Peyronie's deformity might be performed under pure local anesthesia on an outpatient basis.

Erectile Dysfunction ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; anatomy & histology ; Penile Erection ; physiology ; Penis ; anatomy & histology ; blood supply ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo evaluate a method to partially remove gastrocnemius for improvement of the contour of the leg.

METHODSThirteen patients with bulked calf were undergoing the treatment. With a self-designed apparatus, the gastrocnemius was partially removed by placing the device in the muscle through an incision in the popliteal fossa. The follow-ups were carried out for 1-6 months.

RESULTSThirteen patients were successfully treated by above mentioned technique. The removed amount of muscle was weighted between 11 g and 201 g, averaged 77 g. All of the patients could be able to walk three days after the operation. But, the normal walk had to take 1 month after of the surgery for recovering. The function of the ankle joint was not obviously influenced.

CONCLUSIONThe above mentioned technique is a safe and effective method for re-contouring the leg.

Cosmetic Techniques ; Early Ambulation ; Humans ; Leg ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Muscle, Skeletal ; surgery ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the anatomic features of the gracilis muscle flap and its clinical application in tongue reconstruction.

METHODSThirty gracilis muscles in 15 cadavers were dissected, and the morphometric parameter of the gracilis muscle and the origin, length, diameter of the vascular and nerve pedicle were observed and measured.

RESULTSThe length of the total gracilis and the muscle belly was 41.8±3.9 cm and 31.0±3.6 cm respectively, and the width and thickness of the muscle was 3.2±0.7 cm and 1.7±0.2 cm respectively. The blood supply to the gracilis originated from multiple source vessles, and two to five pedicles supplied the gracilis from its deep surface and entered the muscle near its anterior border, of which the dominant pedicle and the first distal pedicle were consistent in their anatomy which originated from the profunda femoris vessels and the femoris vessels respectively. The length and external diameter of these vessels were suitable for microvascular anastomosis, while other vessel pedicles were neither consistent in their anatomy nor the length and external diamiter suitable for microvascular anastomosis. The nerve to the gracilis arose from the anterior division of the obturator nerve consistently and its length and external diameter was suitable for anastomosis with the hypoglossal nerve.

CONCLUSIONSBecause of superficial location, excellent morphological match for tongue, consistency in its vascular and neural pedicle's anatomy and suitability of neurovascular pedicle's length and external diameter for microsurgical anastomoses, possibility of regaining tongue movements, the gracilis flap is a ideal option for tongue reconstruction.

Cadaver ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal ; anatomy & histology ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Surgical Flaps ; Thigh ; Tongue ; surgery

OBJECTIVES: To observe the morphological characteristic indexes of the muscle tissues from different species and to establish a discriminant equation of species identification and tried to establish a new method for species identification. METHODS: Three different parts of the muscle tissues, triceps brachii, biceps femoris and erector spinae from adult human corpses, triceps brachii, biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi muscle from swine, sheep and cattle reached the slaughter age, were extracted respectively （20 for each group） and deal the tissues into paraffin sections. Eleven observational indexes of the muscle tissues from adult human corpses, swine, sheep and cattle were detected. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data and a discriminant equation of species identification was established. RESULTS: Four observation indicators were screened for establishing the discriminant equation of species identification among human, swine, sheep and cattle. The accurate rate of this method for human muscle tissue identification was 90%, and for swine, sheep, and cattle muscle tissue were 80%, 100% and 80% respectively. CONCLUSIONS The morphological method provides a new method for the species identification of the muscle tissue among human, swine, sheep and cattle, and it can be used as a reference for the identification of animal species.
Animals ; Cadaver ; Cattle ; Forensic Anthropology ; Humans ; Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology* ; Sheep ; Swine

The anomalous orientation of musculature of the first dorsal fibro-osseous compartment of the wrist is clinically relevant to De Quervian's stenosing tenosynovitis and reconstructive surgeries. Split insertion of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) is commonly found in chimpanzees, gorillas and gibbons. A comparable identical pattern of anomalous slips in humans is of anthropological and phylogenetic importance and could be a result of atavism. This case report describes an unusual fused muscle belly of the APL and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB), which split into three slips--medial, intermediate and lateral. Further, the medial slip was seen to divide into two tendons, inserting on the base of the first metacarpal along with the intermediate slip. The lateral slip divided into three tendons, inserting into the base of the proximal phalanx, base of the first metacarpal and abductor pollicis brevis muscle. The fusion and unusual insertion pattern of the APL and EPB merits documentation for reconstructive procedures such as tendon transfer and interposition arthroplasty.
Arthroplasty ; Cadaver ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; abnormalities ; anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; Tendons ; abnormalities ; anatomy & histology ; physiopathology ; Wrist ; abnormalities ; anatomy & histology