DNA barcoding was recently introduced to molecular identification of forensically important fly species. So, we have analysed the barcode region (687 nucleotides) of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for four species of Muscidae flies collected from Korea. The sequences were aligned and analysed to construct a phylogenetic tree using DNA Star 5.01(DNAStar Inc) and MEGA 3.1 program(Kumar, Tamura, Nei 2004). Intraspecific variation was not noted between M.stabulans individual to each other. Intraspecific variation ranges of other species were 0.1%, 0.1~0.3% and 0.1~0.6% for O.leucostoma, M.angustifrons and M.domestica, respectively. Interspecific percent distance was minimal(9.7~10.0%) between M.stabulans and M.angustifrons. Other species showed above 10% distance from each other. The result showed that four species of Muscidae fly species (Muscina angustifrons, Muscina stabulans, Ophyra leucostoma and Musca domestica) were identifiable from each other with analysis of barcode region of COI gene. Therefore, we conclude that species identification of forensically important Muscidae flies used in this study is possible with percent distance of sequences of COI barcode region, but more species and individuals should be examined to be confident about the conclusion.
Cytochromes* ; Diptera ; DNA* ; Electron Transport Complex IV* ; Korea* ; Muscidae*

In medicolegal investigations, correct identification of the necrophagous fly species collected around and on the corpse is an essential step for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). Therefore, forensic pathologists and entomologists investigating deaths due to violent crimes need a rapid, easy-to-use protocol to identify fly species found on corpses. A rapid and robust DNA-based tool that can distinguish between various immature and mature species from the Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae families would be ideal for such investigations. To date, the DNA barcode initiative is the best approach for identifying species-specific nucleotide sequences. We have developed 3 sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR)-based identification systems derived from the Abdominal-B homeobox sequences of 17 fly species belonging to the Muscidae and Sarcophagidae. The flies used in this study were collected in Korea. These assay systems can classify 17 forensically important fly species into the dipteran family group and reliably distinguish them from inter- and intraspecific fly species through a 2-step multiplex PCR. This novel approach may also be used as an alternative to conventional DNA-based identification methods.
Base Sequence ; Cadaver ; Crime ; Diptera ; DNA ; Genes, Homeobox ; Humans ; Korea ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Muscidae ; Sarcophagidae

Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) in a putrefied corpse has been a long theme in the forensic medicine. Insects, especially necrophagous fly species are now utilized as indicators of PMI because the first visitors to a dead body are usually known to be blow fly species (Family Calliphoridae). House flies (Family Muscidae) are later visitors but they are very significant in forensic entomology because of their worldwide distribution. Entomologic evidences recovered from the scene are often immature individuals such as eggs, maggots and pupae. Because growth rates and ecological characteristics are different among fly species, accurate species identification is essential. As species identification in immature stages is very difficult or even impossible to an expert entomologist, many researchers are trying to identify fly species by molecular techniques. Authors analyzed 400bp of mitochondrial COI gene sequences of six Muscidae fly species (Fannia prisca, Muscina angustifrons, Muscina stabulans, Musca domestica, Hydrotaea dentipes and Ophyra leucostoma). In spite of limited number of flies analyzed in this study, all six fly species have different haplotype of COI gene and shows minimal intraspecific variation. This result shows that six fly species analyzed in this study can be discriminated each other by COI gene sequence analysis. But, more individuals from various geographic region should be analyzed to apply this result to a forensic entomology practice.
Cadaver ; Cytochromes* ; Diptera* ; Eggs ; Electron Transport Complex IV* ; Entomology ; Forensic Medicine ; Haplotypes ; Houseflies ; Insects ; Larva ; Muscidae ; Ovum ; Pupa ; Sequence Analysis

Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic medicine, which applies studies of insects and arthropods to getting evidence for court and has an analogous advantage in the estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) and other questions of forensic relevance. The paper expounds its definition and contents and reviews some progress of the studies in some aspects in China such as the constitution and succession of insect community on the different cadavers, the applications of morphological features of insects and the technology of analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in forensic entomology, and forensic entomological toxicology etc.
Animals ; China ; Diptera/growth & development* ; Entomology ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Larva/growth & development* ; Muscidae ; Postmortem Changes ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: To deduce the region that the geographical species of Lucilia sericata come from and determine the scene of crime (SOC) based on the gene analysis of mtDNA CO II. METHODS: A 635 bp region for CO II of 4 Lucilia sericata (belong to 2 geographical species) were collected and sequenced, compared with the data of GenBank. A neighbour-joining tree with the Tamura and Nei model was constructed by MEGA2.1 package. The number of inherit intervals of inner-species were analyzes by Kimura's two-parameter model and used for construction the relationships between hereditary and latitude interval by SPSS10.5 soft. RESULTS: It showed that they had the relationships between inherit and latitude interval for the 8 geographical species of Lucilia sericata for CO II. CONCLUSION This method can be the evidence deducing the region that the geographical species of Lucilia sericata come from and further to determine the scene of crime (SOC).
Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics* ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics* ; Forensic Medicine/methods* ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Muscidae/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Species Specificity ; Weather

The experience of bug's growing and accumulated temperatures were important ways for determination of postmortem interval in forensic science. Here we used reverse accumulated temperature methods to estimate postmortem interval and made accordant result with their true time.
Adult ; Animals ; Cadaver ; Cause of Death ; Entomology ; Female ; Forensic Pathology/methods* ; Humans ; Larva/growth & development* ; Life Cycle Stages ; Muscidae/physiology* ; Postmortem Changes ; Temperature ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo identify necrophagous fly species from different regions in China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) melocular markers and analyze their genetic difference and relationship.

METHODSFive carrion fly species were collected from 12 cities and regions in China, including M.domestica, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomyia megacephala, Helicophagella melanura, and Boetthcherisca peregrina. Twenty-two ISSR primers were designed and synthesized, from which 8 were selected to identify the necrophagous fly species. Cluster analysis was conducted based on distance matrices using unweighted pair group method.

RESULTSTotally 121 amplification samples were obtained using the 8 primers, and 679 clear and stable bands were visualized including 516 bands with polymorphisms. M.domestica, Lucilia sericata, Chrysomyia megacephala, Helicophagella melanura, and Boethcherisca peregrina from different regions in China produced their specific PCR band spectra. M. domestica from 10 different regions in China showed different inheritance patterns of the markers. Species-specific ISSR fragment was found among the necrophagous flys pecies. Cluster analysis among the most abundant carrion fly species demonstrated that M.domestica from 10 different regions could be divided into 4 groups at different levels. Most of the Chrysomyia megacephala and Lucilia sericata could be clustered in one tree.

CONCLUSIONThis study represents the first identification of the common necrophagous fly species in China. ISSR-PCR-based identification of the species reveals the genetic diversity and genotypic difference among M.domestica from 10 cities and regions in China.

Animals ; China ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Variation ; Minisatellite Repeats ; genetics ; Muscidae ; classification ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; methods ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity