IntroductionIn the total increase in the rate of smoking in the population of Mongolia, the smoking rate among women of the age of 15-24 years old increased up to 4.2% which is higher by 1.9 points against the level of the year 2005. The average age of starting smoking among women decreased by 3 years compared to 2005 evidencing the increase in the prevalence of smoking among the female population. However, there is no study on prevalence of smoking focusing on school age girls. Researches on the prevalence of smoking and KAP of the population shall play an important part in reduction of tobacco consumption, assisting smoking cessation and determining the effective forms of anti-tobacco communications.Materials and MethodsThe study of the tobacco consumption and risk factors among the school age girls of the 6-11th grades is a cross-sectional study covering the school age girls of 6-11th grades of Suhbaatar, Chingeltei, Bayangol and Songinokhairkhan districts of Ulaanbaatar and Uvurkhangai, Khovd, Dornod and Umnugobi aimags. The participants of the study were selected by random sampling. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods. The study involved 1208 school age girls of 6-11th grades. The data of the survey was analyzed with SPSS software.ResultsEvery third or 33.7% of the schoolchildren of 6-11th grades smoke. The rate of smoking is as twice higher in the metropolitan settings as in provincial aimags. The answer that there are smokers in the family given by 64% of the respondents implies that two in three target age school girls are exposed to second-hand smoking. Every fifth of the girls find themselves in tobacco affected areas daily. Of the target age/gender group, 36.5% reported that they buy cigarettes in kiosks, shops and stores and one in each two schools have any form of tobacco selling points within 100 meters which implies a potential impact of the surrounding environment. Around 90% of the participants of the quantitative survey were able to correctly list the health hazards of smoking, however, the qualitative survey results demonstrate that they have confusions on the health hazards of smoking and have insufficient understanding of the long term effects of smoking.Conclusions:1. Girl in the metropolitan settings smoke more than in provincial settings.2. Smoking at schools and public places are common in both metropolitan and provincial areas.3. The smoking behaviors of the girls are influenced by their and peers. insufficient knowledge 4. It was identified by the research that all smoking girls in the capital and in provinces are wishing to quit smoking.5. Though the girls receive information on tobacco from mass media, friends and Health Education subject, the information received through these channels are insufficient to impact their knowledge and change their behavior.6. The number of school children exposed to the impact of tobacco tends to increase by their age.

Introduction: In order to Implement the Mongolian government's 2000 provisions for national health care, on May 28,2004, the Health Minister approved the "Home Care Nursing Service and Rules for Caring and Nursing" according to resolution # 136 and indicated that family clinic nurses should provide home care nursing services [6'71. Interestingly, it is noted that throughout the world, nursing home services have not been limited to family clinic nurses but are being delivered by nurses with diverse areas of specialization.Goal: Purpose of the study is to determine needs for making home nursing services to the population in some province and soum.Objectives:1. To comparatively search needs for providing home nursing services to citizens in the province and soum which were involved to the study.2. To determine nursing type which is required at home3. To develop needs of nurses who make home nursing servicesMaterials and Methods: Conducted studies among the 1109 people from the 520 families in 17 soums of five provinces such as Orkhon, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khuvsgul and Selenge. We have chosen the clients with anamnesis who are repeatedly served and treated at the hospital for our study and had interviews with them. Questionnaire for citizens consists of 2 basic chapters including 17 questions which determine demographic information and needs of home nursing services. We asked and searched about needs of Home Care Nursing assistances under the 3 basic groups such as General nursing, Treatment nursing and Specialized nursing. After inserting study data into the SPSS-17 program, checked it by appropriate statistical methods (t, x2, fisher exact) and checked if difference between groups and relations has statistical truth.Results: 35.89 percent of clients who got involved to the study answered that they are interested in taking nursing and caring services at home. Also we consider needs for having home nursing at home according to numerical indexes in the provinces involved to the study, clients mostly want to be injected by intramuscular (25.88%), intravenous (31.02%) and IV fluid (30.57%). As we consider specialized nursing assistances at home under the types of needs, health education and assistance for people suffered with hemorrhage and injured people occupy major percent. Clients who got involved to the training, were asked question "With whom do you want to be made nursing assistance at home?" and 75.6% of them answered that they prefer nurses of family clinic.Conclusions:1. It was observed that 35.89% of clients who got involved to the survey, want to receive home nursing assistance and demands for home nursing is being increased with aging.2. Also we conclude that nursing after hemorrhage, nursing for injured patients and nursing for patients with cardiovascular disease occupies higher percent and it shows that percent of cardiovascular diseases and injuries is relatively high and clients' needs to receive nursing assistance at home are faced problems after they were discharged from hospital.3. 75.6% of people who got involved to the study are interested in taking home nursing assistance and we reached to conclusion that it is suitable to train nurses according to it.

Background: Studies from other countries have identified multiple contributing factors to renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We conducted this study to investigate the relationship between RCC and certain risk factors among the Mongolian population. Aim: To identify the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in Mongolian individuals. Material and Methods: This case-control study included 88 patients diagnosed with RCC (confirmed by pathological examination) in the case group. The control group consisted of 88 healthy individuals matched by age and gender. A case-control study design was used. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted on the questionnaire results from both groups to identify risk factors for RCC through both univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: A total of 176 participants were included in the study-88 with RCC and 88 without cancer. Statistically significant associations with RCC were found for hypertension, urinary tract diseases, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Although weight gain appeared to increase the risk for RCC, this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Individuals with hypertension, a history of urinary tract diseases, smokers, and alcohol users are at a higher risk of developing renal cell carcinoma.