Introduction: Bragshun has been used in Traditional Mongolian Medicine since the early times. It is called the Black Gold in Mongolia as well as other countries of the world. The bragshun has been the essential and unique raw materials in the treatment of Traditional Medicine which is gradually formed under the impact of the various extreme natural conditions such as sharp continental climate, strong winds, sun shine, hot and cold temperatures. The formation process takes hundreds of years, so bragshun is considered non-renewable natural resources. Goals: The purpose of the study is to sum up the ideas of research articles and books about distribution, origin and chemical compounds of bragshun, also it's usage in the traditional and modern medicine. Study materials: The books about bragshun and research articles for its chemical compounds were studied and compared in this study. Result: Bragshun is commonly appeared all over the world, so it has in different names in different countries. Bragshun is named "mountain tar" by the Mongolians, its English name is "mineral pitch", Tibetians call it brag-shun, in the Latin is Asphaltum punjiabianut, and also has other names like tasmanyi, mumlai, Shilajit, moomiy. In the Mongolian traditional medicinal books we can see the Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards and it is noted as a red foot mouse dried noodles. Many assumptions have been made regarding geological, biological and botanical origin of the bragshuns. The study result that the chemical compounds of bragshun is mixture of minerals and organic substances in which the content of the minerals is 20-40% or more, trace elements up to 5% and organic substances 60-80%. The ion organic part of the bragshun contains minerals 30%of the total mass, in which tree elements: potassium, calcium, and magnesium take 20% of the total minerals being a main treatment factor of the bragshun. The refined bragshun includes high content of potassium and does not have side effect for the human body. Organic compounds in bragshun are still understudied, however, it is determined that it contains more than 20 biologically active substances called humic substances. The humic acid consists of humic acid and fulvic acid. The combination of these acids has strong antioxidant activites to reduce free radicals. The color of bragshun depends on the amount and ratio of fulvic acid and humic acid. Humic acid transfer the badly soluble salt to soluble form and gives it to the plant to accelerate its growth and also influences oxidative reactions in the cells. In Mongolian traditional medicine the boiled down extract of bragshun is used for the treatment of liver, stomach, kidney, eye disease and toxicity diseases. Bragshun is included in the prescription recipe in traditional medicine, such as Bragshun-5, brag of bragshun is used for the treatment of liver, stomach, kidney, eye disease and toxicity diseases. Bragshun is included in the prescription recipe in traditional medicine, such as Bragshun-5, bragshun-9, Stomach-7, kidney-7, ar-ur-18, liver chin tan. Conclusion Since the organic part of the bragshun has so complex structure and the research has not been completed fully, we have still not been able to get preparation treatment for drug form yet. However, antioxidant activites of bragshun are determined by the studies, nowadays refined bragshun is used widely as biological food supplement. In the traditional medicine it is commonly used for the treatment of liver and kidney diseases.

Introduction: The Vaccinum vitis is widely used in traditional medicine in the treatment of kidney disorders and diuretics, but contemporary medicine practices its decoction more for the treatment of respiratory disease. The study showed that hydroquinone in Vaccinum vitis which is formed by decomposition of arbutin performs antiseptic effects for respiratory system and urinary track. Vaccinum vitis contains 8-12% of arbutin and metilarbutin, flavonoids such as, vaccinin, hydroquenone, quiercetin, isoquircitrin, rutin, abicularin and piperin.[3.4]This study was conducted to get active substances in the form of drugs through extraction of active compounds in the tinction of spirit and other extragents since the decoction of Vaccinum vitis cannot be stored longer.Objectives of the study: To determine biologicallyactive compounds in the decoction and tinctures.Materials and methods used in the study: The study was conducted in the pharmachemistry laboratory at Monos university in April, 2013. In the process of the study, the decoction of vaccinum vitis and 40% and 70%- tinctures were prepared and the quality and quantity of the content, dense, arbutin and tannin were studied in accordance with corresponding standards.The result of the study: The raw materials in proportion of 1:10 were prepared to make decoction in accordance with corresponding technology. Similarly, tinctures were prepared in above mentioned proportion by the method of maceration. The newly created tinctures were from red brown to dark brown in color, with not to strong spirit odor.The aerometer measurement indicated that density of 70% tincture was 0.910 g/ml, and density of 40% tincture was 0.967 g/ml, Light refracture was measured by the refractometer to determine spirit volume. The result showed that in the 70% -tincture there was 1.3670 of light refracture and the spirit amount was 62.88%, while 40%- tincture had 1.3602 light refracture and the spirit amount was 36.4%. When the reaction of identification of tannin and arbutin were experimented we got complete identification reactions of arbutin and tannin.That arbutin’s amount in decoction was 0.110+0.005 and tannins amount was 0.0713±0.0003 in 70% tinctures shows the arbutins amount was 0.284+0.003 and tannins amount was 0.13+0.005 and in 40%-tincture the arbutins was 0.147+0.006 and the tannins was 0.147+0.006.Conclusion1. As a result of the study there are 0.110g of arbutin in the decoction and 0.07g of tannin.2. The tannin’s amount in the tinctures is higher and the quantity of arbutin is higher in the decoction as compared the quantity of arbutin and tannin in the tinctures with the amount that is in the decoction.References1. “монгол улсûн үндэсний фармакопей” анхдугаар хэвлэл уБ 2011 он2. Биндэрьяа.м., мөнхчулуун. м., гарамжав.а., “Эмийн ургамлаас биологийн идэвхт бодис ялгах аргачлал” “шидэт өнгө” ххК х/х 26. уБ 2011он.3. сансархуяг. Э., “Бөөр хамгаалах үйлдэлтэй ургамлуудûн фитохимийн судалгаа” эмзүйн ухаанû магистрийн зэрэг горилсон нэг сэдэвт бүтээл уБ 2011 он4. сосорбурам.Б, нарангэрэл.Б, болон бусад “алирснû навч, тэхийн шээг, хуурмаг булчирхайт ортууз, ургамлуудûн фармакологийн судалгаанû дүнгээс” “Эрдмийн бичиг 2012” Эрдэм шинжилгээний хурлûн эмхэтгэл 35-36 р хуудас5. хос шивүүрт улаагана монгол улсûн стандарт MNS 4166:19936. ладûгина Е.а., сафранович л.н., отряшенкова в.Э., и др “химический анализ лекарственних растений” издательство “вûсшая школа” москва 1983

Abstract: Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (B.hippolytii. Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (B.platyphylla. Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD₅₀) on animals. Research materials and methods: Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of B.Hippolytii’s dry extract and 20 g of B. Platyphylla ‘s dry extract were injected.
The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of B. hippolytii and B. platyphylla (LD₅₀) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. Results of determining acute toxicity level The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD₅₀ level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.
From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD₅₀ 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.

Abstract: The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) Schischk, B.humilis Schrank, and B.mandshurica Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats. The study materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin). Study Result: The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the B.platyphylla Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the B.hippolytii. Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.
The study results showed that B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B.platyphilla Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect. Conclusion B.hippolytii Sukacz birch leaves and B. platyphilla (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.

Abstract Trees and shrubs of the genus Betula (Betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. The healing properties of Betula bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Several species of Betula have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. The purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses and phytochemical research of Betula species in order to explore their therapeutic potential and evaluate future research opportunities.

Background: Specifically, stomach cancer ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early-stage detection significantly improves survival rates, with over 90% of patients diagnosed at stages I and II living beyond five years. To improve the early detection of gastric cancer, it is necessary to complement the conventional method of endoscopic examination with biomarker analysis. We aimed to compare biomarkers such as pepsinogen C (PGC), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and the cell proliferation marker Ki-67 with immunohistochemical analysis. Purpose: A comparative study and evaluation of biomarkers for the early detection of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a retrospective cohort design. Research ethics issues were discussed at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health on October 13, 2023, and permission to start the research was obtained (Resolution No. 23/051). The information was gathered based on the criteria for K29.3, K29.4, K31, and C1 diagnoses according to the international ICD 10 classification, and participants were selected accordingly. Proteins such as PGC, MMP2, MMP9, and Ki-67 were examined using a tissue microarray kit and evaluated through immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Negative gastric tumor markers PGC, Ki-67, MMP2 and MMP9 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The mean PGC protein staining values were 6.20±2.61 for chronic superficial gastritis, 5.45±2.47 for atrophic gastritis, 3.61±2.0 for metaplasia, and 3.31±1.75 for gastric cancer, with statistically significant differences between the groups (P<0.001). The mean Ki-67 protein staining values were 0.1 ± 0.4 for chronic superficial gastritis, 0.33 ± 0.55 for atrophic gastritis, 0.09 ± 0.39 for metaplasia, and 2.62 ± 0.78 for gastric cancer, also showing statistically significant differences (P<0.001). The mean MMP2 and MMP9 protein staining values were 0.2±0.76 and 1.2±2.04, respectively, for chronic superficial gastritis; 0.28±0.52 and 3.28±2.82 for atrophic gastritis; 0.35±1.04 and 1.12±1.45 for metaplasia; and 1.38±2.11 and 5.29±2.51 for gastric cancer, with all differences being statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion PGC protein, a negative tumor marker, decreases during the transition from a gastric cancer precursor to cancer. MMP2 protein, a marker of cell migration and metastasis, has little diagnostic value, while the expression of MMP9 and the Ki 67 are highly effective in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of endoscopic biopsy tissue to detect the negative tumor marker PGC, the positive marker Ki-67, and MMP9 can be used for early detection of gastric cancer.

Background: The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on valproic acid (VPA)-induced cell death was examined by using mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Materials and methods, results: LPS inhibited the activation of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. LPS inhibited VPA-induced p53 activation and pifithrin-α as a p53 inhibitor as well as LPS prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. LPS abolished the increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which is a critical indicator of p53-mediated mitochondrial damage, in response to VPA. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors, Bay 11-7082 and parthenolide, abolished the preventive action of LPS on VPA-induced apoptosis. A series of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, Pam3CSK4, poly I:C, and CpG DNA as well as LPS prevented VPA-induced apoptosis. Conclusion Taken together, LPS was suggested to prevent VPA-induced apoptosis via activation of anti-apoptotic NF-κB and inhibition of pro-apoptotic p53 activation.

Background and Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer related death in Mongolia. Early diagnosis is the very important management to increase successful treatment and survival rate. Glypican-3 (GPC3) protein is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and in serum of HCC patients. Recent studies have been conducted and suggested as a diagnostic biomarker for detecting HCC in the early stage. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic value of the serum GPC3 level and compared it to the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level as a diagnostic biomarker of HCC. Methods: We enrolled a total of 90 participants and divided into 3 groups with HCC (30), with liver cirrhosis (LC/30) and healthy (30) as the control group (30). GPC3 and AFP serum (sGPC-3, sAFP) levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and estimated sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker. Results: sGPC3 was significantly elevated in the HCC group as compared to liver cirrhosis and healthy subjects (658±138.2 pg/ml, 378±25.5 pg/ml, 356.3±29 pg/ml) respectively. sGPC-3 sensitivity was 96.6% and specificity was 100%. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for GPC3 was 0.999 (0.996- 1.0).
In comparison, the mean of AFP was significantly higher in HCC (16.9±11.7 ng/ml) than in LC (6.7±7.6 ng/ml) and in healthy subject (3.3±2.1 ng/ml) and AFP sensitivity was 43,3 %, specificity was 95 % with an AUC of 0.808 (0.696- 0.921).
The combination of GPC-3 with AFP achieved the highest sensitivity (97.1%) and specificity (97%). Conclusion Serum GPC3 has a higher sensitivity than AFP for the early diagnosis of HCC. Combination of two markers showed greatest diagnostic accuracy.

Background: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by lower motor neuron loss, leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. With a neonatal incidence ranging from 1:6000 to 1:11000, individuals affected by SMA face challenges in locomotor function. The advent of newborn screening tests, early diagnostic techniques, and the introduction of gene therapy have, however, shown promise in enabling the acquisition of these motor skills. Objective: This review article seeks to shed a light on current understandings of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, and treatments for spinal muscular atrophy, highlighting cutting edge approaches within the discipline. Methods: A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, National Institutes of Health, and Web of Science databases for recent research articles concerning SMA’s incidence, prevalence, clinical manifestations, early detection, genetic testing and contemporary gene therapy. Results: The prevalence of SMA stands at 1-2 cases per 100,000 population, with an incidence of approximately 8 cases per 100,000 live births. Pre-1995 studies exhibited varying prevalence rates due to using non molecular-biological methods, small localized populations, diagnostic errors, and regional characteristics. Diagnosis involving Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), or next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis to confirm SMN1 and SMN2 gene status aids in identifying carriers and SMA subtypes. Countries implementing newborn screening programs have demonstrated early SMA detection in asymptomatic newborns, contributing to reduced mortality and disability rates. Currently, several types of gene therapy are being used in the treatment of SMA. Conclusion The epidemiology of SMA varies between countries and regions. It is fully possible to confirm the disease, identify carriers and subtypes. The inclusion of SMA in newborn early detection programs is crucial for reducing infant mortality and disability, and several gene therapies have received approval from relevant authorities for SMA treatment. In Mongolia, it is possible to introduce tests to confirm the disease and determine carriers and subtypes.

Background: Serum natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a critical biomarker for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction. Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the need for its early detection and prognosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the serum NT-proBNP levels in participants with CKD and establish a cut-off value for predicting heart failure. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to July 1,2024. This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medical Sciences (Approval No.24/01). A total of 117 CKD patients hospitalized in the Nephrology and Endocrinology Department of the third state hospital were enrolled based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using questionnaires, laboratory and heart ultrasound test results. Serum NT-proBNP levels were measured using a rapid immunofluorescence quantitative analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0. Results: The mean age of the 117 participants was 57.9 ± 14.7 years, with 51.3% being male. The mean serum NT-proBNP level was 7686 ± 12149 pg/mL. Statistically significant differences were observed in serum creatinine, sodium, calcium, CKD stage, and arterial hypertension between genders (p<0.05). NT-proBNP levels in hemodialysis patients differed significantly between heart failure and non-heart failure groups (p<0.05). Significant differences were also found in hemoglobin, serum albumin, NT-proBNP levels, and CKD stages (p<0.05). NT-proBNP correlated significantly with risk factors such as hemodialysis, diabetes, and decreased systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). A weak inverse relationship was noted between systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP (R² = 0.16). The NT-proBNP cut-off value for predicting heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with an AUC of 61.7% (sensitivity: 74.5%, specificity: 55%). Conclusion Serum NT-proBNP levels are elevated in CKD patients regardless of heart failure. The established cut-off value for NT-proBNP in CKD patients to detect heart failure was 3027 pg/mL, with moderate diagnostic utility (AUC = 61.7%).