PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify correlations in hospital nurses' work environment, emotional labor and happiness index to provide basic resources for nurses' happiness at work. METHODS: Resources were gathered from 291 nurses who agreed to participate. Random sampling of nurses in nine hospitals in G-do was done between July 15 and August 14, 2014. Data were analyzed using chi2 tests, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: Mean scores (scale of 5) were nurses' work environment, 2.81, emotional labor, 3.24, and happiness index, 2.94. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: age, marriage, children, clinical experience, position, payment, and future work plans and a negative correlation between work environment and emotional labor, emotional labor and happiness index but a positive correlation between happiness index and work environment. Happiness index was influenced by work environment, emotional labor, future work plans. Explanatory power of these variables was 26%. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, so it is necessary to improve the work environment and reduce the frequency of emotional labor in order to increase the happiness index of hospital nurses.
Child ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Marriage ; Personal Satisfaction

PURPOSE: To evaluate injury patterns of facet joints and associated soft tissue injuries in patients withacute traumatic cervical facet joint injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From among patients with cervical spinetrauma, 27 with facet joint injuries, as seen on CT and MRI, were chosen for this study. CT scans were analyzedwith regard to the location of facet joint injury, the presence or absence of facet dislocation or fracture, andother associated fractures. MR images were analyzed with regard to ligament injury, intervertebral disc injury,intervertebral disc herniation, and spinal cord injury. RESULTS: The most common location of facet joint injurywas C6-7 level(n=10), followed by C5-6(n=8). Among these 27 patients with facet joint injuries, 12(44%) hadbilateral injuries and 15(56%) unilateral injuries. Facet fractures were present in 17 cases(63%) and the fractureof inferior facet was more frequent than superi-or. Patterns of fracture were vertical, transverse, or comminuted,but vertical fracture was the most common. Various degrees of dislocation were observed in patients with facetfractures. Fractures other than facet includ-ed pillar(n=11), lamina(n=6), transverse process(n=14), body(n=13),and spinous process(n=3). On MR im-ages, anterior longitudinal ligament injury was found in 8 patients(30%),posterior longitudinal ligament injury in 4(15%), and interspinous ligament injury in 20(74%). Twelvepatients(44%) had spinal cord injuries includ-ing edema(n=8) and hemorrhage(n=4). Among patients with discabnormalities, 11(41%) had intervertebral disc injuries, and traumatic disc herniations were found in nine. CONCLUSION: Traumatic cervical facet joint injuries were manifested as various patterns and frequentlyassoci-ated with other fractures or soft tissue injuries. Analysis of CT and MR findings of these injury patternshelped formulate a therapeutic plan and determine of prognosis.
Dislocations ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Ligaments ; Longitudinal Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Prognosis ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spine* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Zygapophyseal Joint*

PURPOSE: Enterovirus infection in children can manifest various disease and enterovirus have many serotypes. This study was aimed to investigate neurologic manifestations according to serotypes of enterovirus in pediatric inpatients in Incheon. METHODS: We collected the stool samples from the admitted pediatric patients in Inha University Hospital from January 2015 to September 2016. Enterovirus detection and serotypes identification were performed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and semi-nested RT-PCR. RESULTS: A total of 527 samples were collected during study period and 170 patients (32.2%) were diagnosed with enterovirus infections. Genetic sequences of enteroviruses were identified: echovirus 18 (50, 40.5%), enterovirus 71 (12, 9.6%), coxakievirus A10 (10, 8.0%), echovirus 6 (7, 5.6%). Virus in patient with meningitis were identified: echovirus 18 (15, 75%), coxakievirus B5 (2, 10%), enterovirus 71 (2, 10%), and echovirus 6 (1, 5%). Neurologic manifestations of echovirus 18 are headache (15, 30%), vomiting (17, 34%), meningeal irritation sign (10, 20.0%). And enterovirus 71 have headache (3, 25%), vomiting (3, 25%), meningeal irritation sign (2, 16.0%), seizure (1, 8.3%), neurologic sequelae (1, 8.3%). Echovirus 18 and neurologic manifestation have a statistically significant correlation with other serotypes (r=0.701, P < 0.01) CONCLUSION: Echovirus 18 infection was more prominent in neurological symptoms than in other serotypes. The major serotype of meningitis was echovirus 18 but there was no reported neurologic sequelae. Enterovirus infection has different neurological symptoms, depending on the serotypes.
Child ; Echovirus 6, Human ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Enterovirus* ; Headache ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Inpatients* ; Meningitis ; Neurologic Manifestations* ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Seizures ; Serogroup* ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVE: To assess causative factors that may induce the leakage of the PMMA after the vertebroplasty performed on osteoporotic compression fracture patients. METHODS: Percutaneous vertebroplasty was done on 80 vertebral compression fractures in 54 patients from June.2001 to Nov.2002. Leakage of PMMA was divided into paravertebral, venous, epidural, and intradiscal leakage. The relationship between leakage of PMMA and various factors were analyzed such as clinical features, bone mineral density, existence of bone sclerosis, interval from injury to operation, amount of PMMA, tip location, operation method, compression pattern, compression ratio etc. RESULTS: Leakage was found in 39 vertebral bodies out of a total of 80 operated vertebral bodies. A large amount of PMMA, which was injected into compressed vertebra, induced a high incidence of leakage(P=0.042). Preoperative high bone mineral density in Compressed Vertebra induced a high incidence of leakage(P=0.014). The existence of sclerosis caused a high incidence of leakage.(P=0.014). Other factors, which were examined, did not induce the leakage of PMMA. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty must be done carefully after a detailed examination of factors that might cause leakage of PMMA.
Bone Density ; Fractures, Compression* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Polymethyl Methacrylate* ; Sclerosis ; Spine ; Vertebroplasty*

The authors experienced 32 cases of reoperation due to persistent or recurred symptoms who had once low back operation due to herniated lumbar disc. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The reoperated cases were most common in 5th decade(31.3% ) and 2nd most common in 4th decade(28.1%) of age, and the male to female ratio was 2:1. 2) The lesion sites of reoperated cases were L4-5 space(68.8%), L5-S1 space(18.8%), multiple space(9.4%) and L3-4 space(3.1%) in orders. 3) The symptom-free interval between 1st and 2nd operation were 1-5 years(34.4%), 6-10 years(15.6%) and 2-6 months(12.5%) in orders. The longest interval were above the 11 years (21.9%) and the shortest interval were below the 1 month(15.6%). 4) The main pathologic findings of reoperated 32 cases were epidural fibrosis(31.2%), incomplete disc removal+epidural fibrosis(31.2%), new disc herniation(21.8%), foraminal stenosis(9.4%) and opposite site herniation(6.3%) in orders. 5) The results of 32 reoperated cases were good(43.7%), excellent(21.8%), fair(18.7%) and poor(15.6%) in orders.
Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc* ; Male ; Reoperation

Treatment of femoral neuropathy caused by iliacus hematoma can be divided according to operative treatment and non-operative treatment. Recently, percutaneous drainage has been more popular because it is relatively simple, convenient, and less invasive. After warfarin overuse, a 71-year-old male patient visited the emergency room with femoral neuropathy caused by a left iliacus muscle hematoma measuring approximately 110x64 mm, 75x60 mm in size on coronal and sagittal computed tomography angiograhy. Without trauma, weakness of the left hip flexor and left knee extensor was noted with strength of 2/5 (poor) each. Immediate medical treatment using vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma was started and percutaneous drainage was performed. Two days after visiting the emergency room, neurological symptoms were improved and non-operative treatment was continued. Twenty four days after being hospitalized, the size of the hematoma was reduced to approximately 75x45 mm, 62x40 mm in size. Approximately three months after hospitalization, most of the hematoma was absorbed. After one year, mild atrphy of quadriceps and mild diffuse pain were noted, however, no other symptoms were observed.
Aged ; Drainage ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Femoral Neuropathy* ; Hematoma* ; Hip ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Knee ; Male ; Plasma ; Vitamin K ; Warfarin

The treatment of moya moya disease, a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease of unknown etiology, isn't settled ut various operative methods to maximize cerebral revascularization have been reported. Two cases in children treated surgically are presented, one with cerebroarteriosynangiosis and the other with encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis(EDAS). The methods of cerebral revascularization are discussed in detail.
Cerebral Revascularization ; Child* ; Humans ; Moyamoya Disease*

PURPOSE: Enterovirus (EV) infection in children can manifest various diseases from asymptomatic infection to nonspecific febrile illness, hand-foot-mouth disease, and aseptic meningitis. This study was aimed to investigate epidemiology and clinical significance of various genotypes of EV infections in pediatric inpatient. METHODS: We collected the stool samples from the admitted pediatric patients in Inha University Hospital from March 2014 to March 2015. EV detection and genotype identification were performed by real-time RT-PCR and semi-nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor joining method. RESULTS: A total of 400 samples were collected during study period and 112 patients (28%) were diagnosed with EV infections. The mean age of EV positive patients was 2.66 years (0.1-14) and sex ratio was 1.73:1. Genetic sequences of EVs were identified; coxsackievirus B5 (17, 15.2%), coxsackievirus A16 (13, 11.6%), enterovirus 71 (10, 8.9%), and coxsackievirus A2 (9, 8.0%). Nonspecific febrile illness (96, 86%) was the most common clinical manifestation and the duration of fever was 0-11 days (mean 3.1 days). Rash (44, 39%) and meningitis (43, 38%) were followed. Patients who were attending daycare center or had siblings accounted for 82.1%. Phylogenetic relationship tree revealed 6 distinct genogroups among 56 types of EVs. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the report of epidemiology, serotype distribution and clinical manifestations of children with EV infection in Incheon. This data will be helpful for further study about the epidemiology of EV infection in Korea.
Asymptomatic Infections ; Child ; Enterovirus* ; Epidemiology* ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Genotype ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Inpatients* ; Korea ; Meningitis ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Sex Ratio ; Siblings ; Trees

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia is a rare congenital cause of protein losing enteropathy that is characterized by chronic diarrhea, generalized edema, ascites, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and lymphopenia. We encountered an 18-year-old woman who suffered from longstanding diarrhea and progressive leg edema. The laboratory findings showed the typical features of this disorder. The presence of enteric protein loss was documented with the 24 hour fecal clearance of alpha(1)-antitrypsin and (99m)Tc human serum albumin scintigraphy. A duodenoscopy and biopsy showed scattered white spots and markedly dilated lymphatics in the tips of the villi, respectively. The patient's clinical symptoms improved after placing her on a high protein and low fat diet with medium chain triglyceride supplements.
Adolescent ; Ascites ; Biopsy ; Dental Caries ; Diarrhea ; Diet ; Duodenoscopy ; Edema ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Hypoproteinemia ; Leg ; Lymphopenia ; Protein-Losing Enteropathies* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Serum Albumin ; Triglycerides

This study aimed to characterize the seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from April to November 2019 and 2020 on Ganghwa-do, Incheon Metropolitan City, Korea. The ticks were collected at grassland, grave site, copse and mountain road using a collection trap method. The ixodid hard ticks comprising three species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) collected were 6,622 in 2019 and 3,811 in 2020. H. longicornis was the most frequent (97.9% in 2019 and 96.0% in 2020), followed by H. flava (2.0% and 3.0% in 2019 and 2020, respectively) and I. nipponensis (less than 0.1%). Our study demonstrated that seasonal patterns of the tick populations examined for two years were totally unsimilar. The hard ticks tested using RT-qPCR were all negative for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.