BACKGROUND: We studied the incidence of trauma caused by alcohol related accidents, and the effects that has on the occurrence, the extent, and the outcome to the patient. METHODS: In our study we studied trauma patients excluding pediatric patients(15 years old and under) who came to the Emergency department of Korea University Medical School Anam Hospital from the 1st of january 1996 to 30th of June 1996, looked into their medical records, and studied the records in a retrospective manner. The trauma patients were divided into two groups, a) alcohol-related and b) alcohol-non-related. The two groups were then subdivided according to their sex, age, the time they came in, the anatomical part of the trauma, the mechanism of their injury, the extent of the injury, the length of their hospital stay, the length of their ED stay and were seperately compared and analysed. Statistically, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis using SAS were used in the study and then was assessed in Chi-square analysis methods. RESULTS: The total of the trauma patients, added up to 832 people, 577: male and 255: female. Among this sum, 16 trauma patients were alcohol related(male:127 & female 36). 115 people were in the age group of 21-40. Compared to the non-alcohol related trauma group, the alcohol-related group had more facial & scalp injuries and tended to come in the hours between 0-6 AM. The cause of the injuries were mossy by fast-fighting and suicide, compared to mostly accidental-slipping injuries in the non alcohol-related group. There were no difference in the degree of the injury(ISS) and the length of hospital stay between the two groups, whereas the length of the stay at the ED was longer alcohol-related trauma patients. CONCLUSION: Alcohol related trauma patients were mostly in their 20s and 30s, came to the hospital at a late time it the reason for their visit were mossy because of fist fighting. In the Emergency department, because prompt and correct diagnosis is quite difficult to make in this group, their ED stay tended to be longer. We can conclude that measuring the blood alcohol level of these patients, continuing the psychological therapy and educating people is needed.
Diagnosis ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Scalp ; Schools, Medical ; Suicide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the NT in the first trimester associated with fetal chromosomal abnormality, fetal structural abnormality and adverse pregnancy outcome. METHODS: From Mar. 1993 to Dec. 1997, 133 cases of increased NT were reviewed retrospectively. All these fetues were taken a karyotyping and/or a high resolution ultrasonography for associated anomaly. The NT was measured by transvaginal ultrasonography(TVS) and transabdominal ultrasonography(TAS) if difficulty was encountered with TVS in the period of the 10th-14th week of gestation. The increased NT is approved when it is over 3mm. RESULTS: Of these 133 cases, 102 cases(76.7%) revealed normal outcomes and 31 cases(23.3%) revealed abnormal outcomes such as chromosomal abnormality, structural abnormality and adverse pregnancy outcome, The mean value of NT was 3.44+/-0.68mm in the normal group and 4.93+/-2.70mm in the abnormal group, respectively. The chromosomal abnormalities were found in 16 of the 31 cases: nine Down SD, two Patau syndrome, one Tuner synrome, one triploidy, one 46, XX,i(18q), one 47,iso(Xp)/46,XX one confined placental mosaicism. In 12 cases of the 31 cases, the structural anomalies were detected. Of these 12 cases, 3 cases were eventually developed to cytsic hygroma, 3 cases were cardiac anomaly, 3 cases were renal anomaly, 1 case was congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 1 case was skeletal dysplasia and 1 case was suspected syndrome. The adverse pregnancy outcome such as intrauterine growth restriction, intrauterine fetal death and preterm labor was revealed in 3 cases. In the cases of NT over 7mm, the result was 100% abnormal outcome. CONCLUSION: Increased NT in the first trimester could be a highly efficient the predictor for detection of chromosomal abnormality, structural anomaly and adverse pregnancy outcome.
Chromosome Aberrations ; Female ; Fetal Death ; Hernia, Diaphragmatic ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Lymphangioma, Cystic ; Mosaicism ; Nuchal Translucency Measurement ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Pregnancy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Triploidy ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Amebiasis* ; Diabetes Mellitus* ; Humans ; Kidney* ; Liver*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the present methods for assessing speech, there are procedures that make effective diagnostics possible for voice disorders. One such procedure is cepstrum. Spectrum is produced by Fourier transformation of sound waves, and if Fourier transformation is performed again about the spectrum, cepstrum is produced. This study compared cepstrum to jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR) for assessment of its usefulness. Cepstrum was measured by Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) calculated by the Hillenbrand method and Cepstral Mean Values (CMV) calculated using the Computerized Speech Laboratory software. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We included in the study 30 patients with vocal nodule and unilateral vocal cord palsy who were diagnosed in Kangbuk Samsung Hospital between March 2010 and May 2011, and 30 normal controls. Phonation of sustained vowel /a/ sample and running speech was subjected to acoustic analysis using CMV and CPP. Then we compared the correlation of cepstrum with other acoustic methods. RESULTS: The measured values of CPP-a were 14.16, 17.25, 20.00 and the age adjusted CPP-s values were 11.21, 12.85, 15.00 for vocal cord palsy, vocal nodule and normal group, respectively. There was significant correlation with perceptions of dysphonia (p<0.001), but in CMV-a, CMV-s, there was no significant correlation. When jitter, shimmer, and NHR were compared with cepstrum, the result showed negative correlation among the three groups but CPP values showed significant difference (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In the assessment of voice disorders, cepstrum may be used as a reliable method for comparing other complementary analysis tools. For the acoustic analysis of voice by cepstrum, however, CPP has more reliable correlations with dysphonia than CMV.
Acoustics ; Dysphonia ; Fourier Analysis ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Phonation ; Running ; Sound ; Vocal Cord Paralysis ; Voice ; Voice Disorders

Breast reconstruction using TRAM flap after mastectomy has been widely adopted and regarded as a gold standard method. In patients with the abdominal midline scar, insufficient blood circulation to regions contralateral to the pedicle disables inclusion of them in the TRAM flap design. So modifications including Double- pedicled TRAM, Super-charged, Turbo-charged, Bipedicled free TRAM et al. have been attempted to resolve the problem of circulatory interruption by midline scar. The authors designed a new bipedicled free TRAM flap to avoid limitations like epigastric buldging, significant abdominal weakness and complexity of flap insetting. The two donor arteries(right and left deep inferior epigastric arteries) are anastomosed to the proximal and distal ends of divided internal mammary arteries using the reverse flow. Vein anastomoses were performed in the same manner through the divided venae comitantes. Two patients having infraumbilical midline scar underwent breast reconstruction using author`s new flap. Flaps survived without fat necrosis or partial flap loss in both patients and their results in aesthetic aspects were very satisfactory. Compared to previous method for breast reconstruction of patients having infraumbilical midline scar, author's new method is useful and effective in terms of the aesthetic and technical aspect.
Blood Circulation ; Breast* ; Cicatrix* ; Fat Necrosis ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty* ; Mammary Arteries ; Mastectomy ; Tissue Donors ; Veins

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although its etiology is unknown, a constant finding is the presence of the gallbladder on a mobile mesentery (floating gallbladder). Torsion, or volvulus, of the gallbladder occurs when it twists axially, with the subsequent occlusion of bile and/or blood flow. Herein, a case of torsion of the gallbladder is presented where preoperative computed tomographic scan and laparoscopy were successfully used to diagnose and treat this condition without the usual requirement of open exploration. Given the possibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the increasing incidence with which torsion of the gallbladder is being witnessed today, the importance of a preoperative computed tomographic scan is emphasized when there is a high index of clinical suspicion.
Torsion/radiography/surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Humans ; Gallbladder Diseases/pathology/*radiography/*surgery ; Female ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Aged, 80 and over

Developing Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy is rare because menstruation is irregular and hypercortisolism causes infertility. Developing Cushing's disease during pregnancy is very rare because there is even less ovulation than those with the adrenal adenoma. The clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome may easily be missed during pregnancy as the features of weight gain, hypertension, and hyperglycemia overlap with those that occur during a pregnancy. Diagnosing Cushing's syndrome during a pregnancy is complex because the biochemical features are obscured by the natural changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that occur during pregnancy. Having Cushing's syndrome during a pregnancy results in increased fetal and maternal complications, so early diagnosis and treatment are critical. We report the clinical and endocrine findings of a pregnant women with Cushing's disease who underwent transsphenoidal surgery after delivery.
Adenoma ; Cushing Syndrome ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypertension ; Infertility ; Menstruation ; Ovulation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Weight Gain ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra

Cholethorax is a bilious pleural effusion caused by a pleurobiliary fistula or leakage of bile into the pleural space. Most cases of cholethorax arise from a complication of abdominal trauma, hepatobiliary infection, or invasive procedures or surgery of hepatobiliary system. However, we experienced a case of a patient with cholethorax of unknown origin. There was no evidence of pleurobiliary fistula or leakage of bile from the hepatobiliary system although we examined the patient with various diagnostic tools including chest and abdominal computed tomography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, tubography, bronchofiberscopy, hepatobiliary scintigraphy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Herein we report a case of cholethorax for which the specific cause was not identified. The patient was improved by percutaneous drainage of pleural bile.
Bile ; Biliary Fistula ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Diaphragm ; Drainage ; Fistula ; Humans ; Pleural Effusion ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thorax

Locating a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)- or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting tumor is challenging. A 69-year-old woman admitted to our hospital for generalized edema was diagnosed with ectopic Cushing's syndrome. We attempted to find an ectopic tumor and could establish no ectopic focus except a retropharyngeal mass in the neck. We diagnosed the retropharyngeal mass as thyroid papillary carcinoma and examined whether the thyroid papillary carcinoma was the ectopic focus. No relationship between thyroid papillary carcinoma and ectopic Cushing's syndrome has been established. We failed to find another ectopic focus, except for the increased uptake of the retropharyngeal mass on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Ectopic Cushing's syndrome combined with thyroid papillary carcinoma is very rare, so we report this case along with reviews of related literatures.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Aged ; Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Cushing Syndrome ; Edema ; Female ; Humans ; Neck ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

Inversion of nipple is a common condition occurring with an incidence of 2% in women. It not only causes irritation and inflammation, but also causes aesthetic problems, affecting sexual relationships and psychological well-being of the patients. Several methods have been introduced to treat this condition in the past century, but the major principle of correction is based on the concept suggested by Schwager, that inverted nipple develops because of the lack of connective tissue located directly beneath the nipple. Based on this concept, many surgeons including Broadbent, Teimourian, and Elshy etc. have proposed that adding bulk of connective tissue and scarifing the ductal system is the principle of the treatment. Author`s method is also based on such a concept, and we have modified the Teimourian method. First, an intraglandular section in the shape of an inverted cone was performed. The crator-like glandular section was closed using horizontal mattress suture, leading to circumglandular V-Y advancement. Second, the donor sites on the areolar area were closed with V-Y advancement. Third, purse-string suture was performed to achieve neck tightening and to compensate for the lack of connective tissue beneath the nipple. Dermal flap suture was done by Foot-plate manner. We operated on 52 cases using this method, 28 patients during past 2 years. After 1 year following the operation, there were just two cases of relapse and virtually no complications. We obtained satisfactory projection of the nipples in all patients except in 2 cases. The resulting shapes and scars were acceptable to all patients.
Cicatrix ; Connective Tissue ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Neck ; Nipples* ; Recurrence ; Sutures ; Tissue Donors