Introduction: Children who develop any hypersensitivity reaction to eggs are routinely referred to hospital for Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccination as inpatients to prevent anaphylaxis. We aimed to study the association between hypersensitivity reactions after egg exposure and similar reactions after MMR immunisation; and examine the necessity of hospital admission for vaccination. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in Paediatric Department in Bukit Mertajam Hospital, Penang, between March and December 2014. Children referred from local polyclinics for inpatient MMR vaccination because of a history of egg allergy were recruited. The children were observed in the ward for post vaccination allergic reactions. Concurrently, a group of children without egg allergy was recruited from those admitted for other illnesses but had recent MMR vaccination at polyclinics. Parents of these children were interviewed and asked if they had observed any reactions post vaccination. In both groups, sociodemographics, medical history and family history of atopy were collected. Results: Eighty-seven subjects were recruited in this study. Fifty-four infants with egg allergy had previous mild allergic reactions after exposure to eggs or egg-related products. They were associated with a family history of egg hypersensitivity, personal history of acute gastroenteritis and upper respiratory tract infections. Two of them developed cutaneous rashes post vaccination during observation, but none developed anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions. Two infants among those without egg allergy had post vaccination fever. There was no association between egg allergy and hypersensitivity reactions to MMR vaccine (p=0.632). Conclusions: MMR vaccine can be safely administered to children with mild egg allergy, hence admission for vaccination in the hospital is not warranted. Risk stratification is required to ensure only infants with severe reactions will be admitted for vaccination.
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

No abstract available.
Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Measles* ; Mumps* ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Rubella*

No abstract available.
Antibody Formation* ; Child* ; Diploidy* ; Humans* ; Immunization* ; Measles ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine* ; Mumps ; Rubella ; Vaccination

BACKGROUND: Although several methods have been attempted in the treatment of warts, the traditional destructive method may be painful or ineffective and induce disfiguring scars. Therefore, a more tolerable method with fewer drawbacks is needed. OBJECTIVE: We studied the therapeutic effect of intralesional immunotherapy using the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and factors affecting it in patients with warts. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 207 patients with various types of warts, who did not meet the exclusion criteria for treatment and were followed-up from January 2011 to December 2013. Patients with warts were treated at 2-week intervals, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated 1 month after the final treatment. RESULTS: Overall, 123 (59.5%) patients experienced a greater than half reduction in the size and number of warts. In addition, younger patients (under the age of 20) (p=0.008) and those with common warts (including periungual warts) (p=0.02) showed significantly higher treatment responses. All patients complained of transient mild pain during the intralesional injections, but other side effects were rarely observed. Only 3.2% of patients who experienced a complete response had a recurrence more than 6 months after the final treatment. CONCLUSION: We suggest that intralesional immunotherapy with MMR vaccine can be considered as a primary remedy for patients who are sensitive to pain, especially children with multiple lesions, are concerned about serious side effects, or have common warts, and that treatment response will be improved by increasing the number of applications.
Child ; Cicatrix ; Humans ; Immunotherapy* ; Injections, Intralesional ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Mumps* ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Rubella ; Rubella Vaccine* ; Warts*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018, and to provide data for the key population for prevention and control of mumps. METHODS: The epidemiological characteristics of mumps were analyzed with reference to the data of the cases of mumps reported in the National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health and Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps. RESULTS: A total of 4 272 368 cases of mumps were reported in China during 2004-2018, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 21.44/100 000. A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine was added to the national Expanded Program of Immunization in 2008, but the annual incidence rate ranged from 12.84/100 000 to 35.59/100 000. The second dose of measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine was included in the routine immunization in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, and then the average incidence rate of mumps reported in these three regions dropped to about 10/100 000. From 2004 to 2016, the population aged 3-14 years accounted for 81.16% of all patients with mumps. The children aged 6 years had the highest incidence rate of mumps during 2004-2013. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine has no obvious effect on the incidence rate of mumps. Children aged 6 years have the highest incidence rate of mumps. A booster dose of mumps-containing vaccine should be given to preschool children.
Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans ; Measles ; Mumps ; Mumps Vaccine ; Rubella

PURPOSE: The introduction of the mumps vaccine has dramatically reduced the number of mumps cases, but outbreaks have recently occurred among highly vaccinated populations in developed countries. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with mumps admitted between 1989 and 2012 in a single hospital in Korea are described in the present study. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated inpatients with mumps between 1989 and 2012 and outpatients and inpatients with mumps in 2011-2012. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients with mumps were admitted between 1989 and 2012, and 163 patients were recorded in 2011-2012. The highest number of admitted cases occurred in 1998 and 2012 (35 and 34 cases, respectively). Among the patients admitted in 2011-2012, the highest frequency was observed among people aged 15-19 years, and low frequency was observed in those aged <4 years and >20 years, compatible to the city data and national data. In patients admitted to our department in 1998 (35 cases) and in 2010-2012 (27 cases), there were significant differences in the mean age and the rate of secondary measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination, but had similar clinical features, including complications, except aseptic meningitis. Antimumps immunoglobulin (Ig) G was positive in 83% and 100%, and IgM was positive in 67% and 41%, respectively, in the two periods. CONCLUSION: In Korea, recent mumps outbreaks have occurred mainly among secondary school students who received two doses of the MMR vaccine. The vaccinees might have a modified immune reaction to viral insults, manifesting modified epidemiological and clinical features.
Antibodies ; Developed Countries ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Mumps Vaccine ; Mumps* ; Observational Study* ; Outpatients ; Retrospective Studies ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: Despite of the high MMR vaccine coverage, the mumps outbreaks is continued in most developed countries including South Korea. To evaluate the effectiveness of MMR vaccine, we carried out mumps outbreak investigation in one kindergarten. METHODS: In Dec. 2006, a mumps outbreak occurred in a kindergarten. Retrospective study was conducted among 212 respondents (205 children and 7 teachers) in 230 study populations (study participation rate: 92%). To define mumps cases, a questionnaire survey, telephone survey, and mumps antibody test with serum were conducted. MMR vaccination status was verified in 198 children using children's vaccination records, National Immunization Registration System and/or medical records of private clinics or hospitals. RESULTS: Over 90% children had received one dose of MMR vaccination. However, 2nd dose of MMR vaccination rate was 45.1%. Attack rates of mumps were 22.9%(22/96) for one dose MMR vaccinees and 3.3%(3/92) for two doses vaccinees. MMR vaccine effectiveness of two doses over one dose was 86%. Mumps attack rate in one dose MMR vaccinees increased by the duration after MMR vaccination. Among all mumps cases, asymptomatic mumps infection identified by IgM positive or IgG over 10,000mIU/ml was 58% (26/ 45). CONCLUSIONS: MMR one dose coverage rate was high(92.1%), but the second dose vaccination rate was very low (45.1%). Mumps attack rate was increased by the duration after the MMR vaccination, and the maximum effectiveness of one dose MMR vaccination was low (77.1%). Therefore, to prevent mumps outbreaks in the kindergarten, second MMR vaccination should be scheduled in 4 years old age, and the coverage rate should be increased over 90%. Further studies for the effectiveness of MMR two doses after 5 and more years are needed.
Child ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Developed Countries ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Medical Records ; Mumps ; Mumps Vaccine ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies ; Telephone ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: With the implementation of measles vaccination programs, the number of patients with measles has decreased. However, epidemics still occur with high morbidity in infants less than 1 year of age. This fact calls for the establishment of optimal preventive measures against measles. The study was carried out to determine the effect of measles vaccination on an infant immunized before one year of age, any the measles immunity conferred by MMR. METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy infants (13.7 +/- 1.8 months) were immunized with the MMR vaccine (Triviraten Berna : Edmonston-Zagreb strain, Rubini strain, Wistar RA 27/3 strain), 50 of the infants have received measles vaccine before turning one-year old. The antibody titers of measles-specific IgG were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The antibody titers before and after MMR vaccination were significantly higher in infants previously immunized with measles vaccine compared to those not immunized. However, the greater number of infants not previously immunized with measles vaccine showed significant increase of measles antibody titers after MMR vaccination compared to those previously immunized with measles vaccine. Measles vaccine failure occurred in 6 infants (12.0%), all of whom acquired measles immunity following MMR vaccination. Measles immunogenicity to MMR did not differ with respect to the age of previous measles vaccination. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that measles vaccination in infants less than 1 year of age will not decrease the measles immunity following MMR vaccination, and it is suitable to vaccinate against measles in infants between 6-12 months of age, if needed.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Immunization* ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infant ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Vaccination*

PURPOSE: With the implementation of measles vaccination programs, the number of patients with measles has decreased. However, epidemics still occur with high morbidity in infants less than 1 year of age. This fact calls for the establishment of optimal preventive measures against measles. The study was carried out to determine the effect of measles vaccination on an infant immunized before one year of age, any the measles immunity conferred by MMR. METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy infants (13.7 +/- 1.8 months) were immunized with the MMR vaccine (Triviraten Berna : Edmonston-Zagreb strain, Rubini strain, Wistar RA 27/3 strain), 50 of the infants have received measles vaccine before turning one-year old. The antibody titers of measles-specific IgG were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The antibody titers before and after MMR vaccination were significantly higher in infants previously immunized with measles vaccine compared to those not immunized. However, the greater number of infants not previously immunized with measles vaccine showed significant increase of measles antibody titers after MMR vaccination compared to those previously immunized with measles vaccine. Measles vaccine failure occurred in 6 infants (12.0%), all of whom acquired measles immunity following MMR vaccination. Measles immunogenicity to MMR did not differ with respect to the age of previous measles vaccination. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that measles vaccination in infants less than 1 year of age will not decrease the measles immunity following MMR vaccination, and it is suitable to vaccinate against measles in infants between 6-12 months of age, if needed.
Antibody Formation* ; Humans ; Immunization* ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Immunoglobulin G ; Infant ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; Vaccination*

BACKGROUND: Warts, caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), are mucocutaneous proliferations controlled by cell-mediated immunity. Intralesional immunotherapy with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, is postulated to induce a higher immune response for clearance of lesions.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety and effect on recurrence of intralesional MMR vaccine for the treatment of warts.
METHODS: We searched online databases for randomized controlled trials on intralesional MMR vaccine for warts. Effects measured were the complete clearance of target and distant warts, adverse events noted and recurrence after treatment duration.
RESULTS: Four RCTs comparing intralesional MMR vaccine and placebo were assessed. Meta-analysis showed a risk ratio of 0.24 [95% CI: 0.18, 0.34] favoring intralesional MMR vaccine and a highly significant difference in completely clearing target warts (P-value <0.00001) versus placebo. Three of the 4 trials assessed response of distant warts showing a risk ratio of 0.28 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.96] and a significant difference (P=0.04) versus placebo. Pain and flu-like symptoms were the most common side effects with no recurrence seen after 3-6 months.
CONCLUSIONS: Intralesional MMR vaccine significantly reduces and clears target and distant warts as compared to placebo. It is a generally safe intervention with lasting effect assessed up to 6 months follow-up.