Monoclonal gammopathy with undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder, MGUS is an asymptomatic premalignant disorder, which is markedly underdiagnosed in the general population. The risk frequency of progression to multiple myeloma or a closely related plasma cell disorder was developed at a rate of 1.5% per year, indicating that the condition is not entirely benign. The cumulative probability of progression is 10% at 10 years, 21% at 20 years, and 26% at 25 years. As compared with control populations, the progression rate of MGUS into multiple myeloma, Waldenstr m's macroglobulinemia, AL amyloidosis and lymphoma were increased by 25, 46, 8.4 and 2.4 times respectively. Numerous reports suggest an association of MGUS with a wide variety of other malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The determining highest risk factors of progression, delaying or preventing the progression of MGUS, targeting at the highest risk of progression and improving overall quality of life, all of them are the current hot topics to be explored and summarized in this review.
Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; etiology ; Paraproteinemias ; etiology ; Risk Factors

Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; Thrombocythemia, Essential ; etiology

Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; pathology ; Venous Thrombosis ; etiology

Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; Neuritis ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Renal Insufficiency ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy

Anemia ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; Renal Insufficiency ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

Adult ; Corneal Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; diagnosis

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by enhanced bone loss that commonly associated with diffuse osteopenia, focal lytic lesions, pathologic fractures, and bone pain. The key mechanism of bone damage in myeloma is the abnormal regulation in bone metastasis, with increased osteoclast function and decreased osteoblast activity. This article reviewed the factors implicated, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), SDF-1 and Wnt pathway. Further understanding of the regulation system of bone homeostasis helps to offer possible targets for future therapy.
Bone Diseases ; etiology ; Bone and Bones ; pathology ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; pathology ; Osteoblasts ; pathology ; Osteoclasts ; pathology

Aged ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Liver Failure, Acute ; etiology ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; immunology

Humans ; Immunoglobulin D ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; classification ; complications ; Testicular Diseases ; etiology

Bone Diseases ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; complications ; prevention & control ; therapy