Objective To investigate the correlation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome types of chronic gastritis with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication rate after anti-Hp treatment. Methods A total of 180 chronic gastritis patients with Hp infection were differentiated into spleen-stomach insufficiency syndrome, spleen-stomach dampness-heat syndrome, and liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome, and each syndrome group had 60 cases. Patients in each group were evenly divided into two subtypes, and were treated with triple therapy or quadruple therapy for 10 days respectively. After treatment, the Hp eradication rate in each group was compared. Results (1) The overall Hp eradication rate was 78.3%. No matter after triple therapy or quadruple therapy, patients with spleen-stomach insufficiency syndrome had the lowest Hp eradication rate (61.7%), which was lower than that of the patients with spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome (88.3%) and the patients with liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome (85.0%), the difference being statistical significance (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, the difference of Hp eradication rate between spleen-stomach damp-heat group and liver depression and qi stagnation group was not statistically significant (P>0.05). (2) A total of 10 cases had adverse reaction such as nausea and vomiting, stomachache, and gastric distention, 8 cases from spleen-stomach insufficiency group, one from spleen-stomach dampness-heat group, and one from liver depression and qi stagnation group. Spleen-stomach insufficiency group had higher incidence of adverse reaction than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion The Hp eradication rate after anti-Hp treatment varied in chronic gastritis patients with different TCM syndrome types, and the rate in patients with spleen-stomach insufficiency syndrome was lower than that of the patients with spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome and the patients with liver depression and qi stagnation syndrome no matter after triple therapy or quadruple therapy.