The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of helminths of goats such as Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus, Paramphistomum cervi, Oesophagostomum columbian, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Monezia expansa, Oestertagia oestertagi and Oestertagia circumcincta. The overall prevalence of all species of helminthes was 52% in goat. The study was designed to investigate the factors of helminths prevalence on the basis of sex and age of goat with the help of Chi-square. All the results obtained were non-significant due to some factors which directly affects the prevalence of helminths.

The efficacy and safety of oral versus vaginal misoprostol for elective induction of labor in post date multigravida with an unfavourable cervix was compared over a period of one year in the Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Eightyeight multigravida post date women were divided into two groups and given 50 mg misoprostol orally and 50 mg intravaginally, respectively. The induction to onset of significant uterine contractions and delivery intervals were lower in the first group (7.8 h vs. 8.9 h) when compared to (10.4 h vs. 12 h). The first group had a higher rate of Caesarean section (7% vs. 4%; p>0.05), uterine hyperstimulation (9% vs. 5%; p>0.05), uterine tachysystole (23% vs. 14%; p>0.05) and neonatal admissions to intensive care unit (12% vs. 4%; p>0.05) when compared to second group. Fifty mg oral misoprostol has the potential to induce labor as safely and effectively as the intravaginal route.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal components of the innate immune response, which is responsible for eradicating invading microorganisms through the induction of inflammatory molecules. These receptors are also involved in responding to harmful endogenous molecules and have crucial roles in the activation of the innate immune system and shaping the adaptive immune response. However, TLR signaling pathways must be tightly regulated because undue TLR stimulation may disrupt the fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Such disruptions may harm the host through the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Several studies have investigated the regulatory pathways of TLRs that are essential for modulating proinflammatory responses. These studies reported several pathways and molecules that act individually or in combination to regulate immune responses. In this review, we have summarized recent advancements in the elucidation of the negative regulation of TLR signaling. Moreover, this review covers the modulation of TLR signaling at multiple levels, including adaptor complex destabilization, phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated degradation of signal proteins, manipulation of other receptors, and transcriptional regulation. Lastly, synthetic inhibitors have also been briefly discussed to highlight negative regulatory approaches in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Animals ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Models, Immunological ; Signal Transduction/*immunology ; Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism

The main objective of the current study is to investigate the potential of Carica papaya leaves extracts against Dengue fever in 45 year old patient bitten by carrier mosquitoes. For the treatment of Dengue fever the extract was prepared in water. 25 mL of aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves was administered to patient infected with Dengue fever twice daily i.e. morning and evening for five consecutive days. Before the extract administration the blood samples from patient were analyzed. Platelets count (PLT), White Blood Cells (WBC) and Neutrophils (NEUT) decreased from 176×10(3)/µL, 8.10×10(3)/µL, 84.0% to 55×10(3)/µL, 3.7×10(3)/µL and 46.0%. Subsequently, the blood samples were rechecked after the administration of leaves extract. It was observed that the PLT count increased from 55×10(3)/µL to 168×10(3)/µL, WBC from 3.7×10(3)/µL to 7.7×10(3)/µL and NEUT from 46.0% to 78.3%. From the patient feelings and blood reports it showed that Carica papaya leaves aqueous extract exhibited potential activity against Dengue fever. Furthermore, the different parts of this valuable specie can be further used as a strong natural candidate against viral diseases.
Antiviral Agents ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Carica ; chemistry ; Dengue ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Platelet Count ; Treatment Outcome

he chemical investigation of the methanolic crude extract of leaves of Diospyros iturensis gave us 15 known secondary metabolites identified as mixture of α-amyrenone (1) and β-amyrenone (2), β-amyrin (3), mixture of β-sitosterol (4) and stigmasterol (5), betulin (6), uvaol (7), betulinic acid (8), ursolic acid (9), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12), bergenin (13) and mixture of stigmasterol glucoside (14) and β-sitosterol glucoside (15) respectively. The structures of secondary metabolites were elucidated with the help of NMR and mass spectral data and by comparison of their spectral data with literature.Among the fifteen isolated compounds, four compounds were identified for the first time in Diospyros genus.These included uvaol (7), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11) and 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12).Crude methanolic extract of leaves and four isolated compounds including betulin (6), betulinic acid (8), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines CAL-27 and NCI-H460 by the MTT assay, antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the lipoxygenase and urease enzymes, respectively. The results indicated that the methanolic crude extract of leaves exhibited moderate antioxidant activity and was inactive against the two cancer cell lines. Betulin (6),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition with IC 50 = 65.8, 85.6, 82.5 µM and IC50 = 58.5, 95.2, 76.2 µM, respectively. Furthermore, 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate urease inhibition activity with IC50 values of 45.6 µM and 49.8 µM, respectively.

he chemical investigation of the methanolic crude extract of leaves of Diospyros iturensis gave us 15 known secondary metabolites identified as mixture of α-amyrenone (1) and β-amyrenone (2), β-amyrin (3), mixture of β-sitosterol (4) and stigmasterol (5), betulin (6), uvaol (7), betulinic acid (8), ursolic acid (9), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12), bergenin (13) and mixture of stigmasterol glucoside (14) and β-sitosterol glucoside (15) respectively. The structures of secondary metabolites were elucidated with the help of NMR and mass spectral data and by comparison of their spectral data with literature.Among the fifteen isolated compounds, four compounds were identified for the first time in Diospyros genus.These included uvaol (7), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11) and 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12).Crude methanolic extract of leaves and four isolated compounds including betulin (6), betulinic acid (8), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines CAL-27 and NCI-H460 by the MTT assay, antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the lipoxygenase and urease enzymes, respectively. The results indicated that the methanolic crude extract of leaves exhibited moderate antioxidant activity and was inactive against the two cancer cell lines. Betulin (6),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition with IC 50 = 65.8, 85.6, 82.5 µM and IC50 = 58.5, 95.2, 76.2 µM, respectively. Furthermore, 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate urease inhibition activity with IC50 values of 45.6 µM and 49.8 µM, respectively.

Objective To report presence of Leishmania major in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan, where cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic and was thought to be caused by Leishmania tropica only. Methods Biopsy samples from 432 CL suspected patients were collected from 3 southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during years 2011–2016. Microscopy on Giemsa stained slides were done followed by amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 gene. Results Leishmania amastigotes were detected by microscopy in 308 of 432 samples (71.3%) while 374 out of 432 samples (86.6%) were positive by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism confirmed L. tropica in 351 and L. major in 6 biopsy samples. Conclusions This study is the first molecular characterization of Leishmania species in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It confirmed the previous assumptions that anthroponotic CL is the major CL form present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Furthermore, this is the first report of L. major from a classical anthroponotic CL endemic focus identified in rural areas of Kohat district in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.