Purpose: This study explored the association between workplace discrimination and violence and depressive symptoms among Korean employees. Methods: Data were obtained from the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey of 2014, which included 21,902 Korean employees. Depressive symptoms were measured using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index questionnaire scales. Results: A statistically significant relationship between workplace discrimination and workplace violence was found, and these two variables were also associated with depressive symptoms. After adjusting for variables such as sociodemographic characteristics, physical risk, and psychosocial working environment, workplace discrimination (OR=1.22, p<.001) and workplace violence (OR=1.69, p<.001) were both significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion This study indicates that to promote employees’ psychological health, systems and programs to prevent workplace discrimination and violence are needed. Development of these systems and programs should consider employees’ experiences of workplace discrimination and workplace violence, sociodemographic characteristics, physical risk, and psychosocial working environments.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in physical working environments, psychosocial working environments, and health outcomes according to the employment type of delivery workers. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data collected from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Participants were 84 Korean delivery workers. Data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4 Version, x 2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Statistically significant differences were found according to the employment type of delivery workers (special types, wage) including “noise”, “vibrations”, “repetitive movements”, “supervisor support”, “colleague support”, “manuals on emotional expression”, “existence of trade union, works council or similar body”. Conclusion This study suggests the necessity of improving the working environment and health outcomes of delivery workers belonging to special employment types. In developing these, the laws and systems must be reorganized to enable the recognition of delivery workers as wage workers. In addition, delivery companies should be held responsible for managing delivery workers.

No abstract available.
Epinephrine* ; Heart Arrest*

Optokinetic nystagmus(OKN) is commonly employed in the assessment of central vestibular lesion. Asymmetry in the OKN has been found in lesions ipsilateral to the direction of the slow phase in parietal lobe, in brain stem, and in the cerebellum. Asymmetry of the OKN may also occur in peripheral vestibular lesions due to spontaneous nystagmus, and this may explain why even enhanced velocities of OKN are sometimes met in these patients. The ocular abnormality as congenital strabismus, extraocular paresis, and congenital nystagmus can cause abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus. We investigated the clinical significance of OKN test and spontaneous nystagmus for differentiation of peripheral and central vestibular disorder. In this study, we recorded the optokinetic nystagmus by the electronystagmography. We divided the optokinetic response from normal to type III according to direction of the nystagmus and difference of(Rt-Lt) Vmean. At the result, all of the vestibuloneuronitis who had the optokinetic abnormality showed type I OKN abnormality with spontaneous nystagmus. Type II and type III OKN abnormality always appeared in central vertigo patients. Type I OKN abnormality could be seen in peripheral and central vertigo patient. But half of the central vertigo patients who had type I OKN abnormality did not have spontaneous nystagmus. We could not correlated OKN abnormality with specific location of central nervous system.
Brain Stem ; Central Nervous System ; Cerebellum ; Electronystagmography ; Humans ; Nystagmus, Congenital ; Nystagmus, Optokinetic* ; Paresis ; Parietal Lobe ; Strabismus ; Vertigo

PURPOSE: This study validated the musculoskeletal model of the human lower extremity by comparative study between calculated muscle parameters through simulation using modified hill-type model and measured muscle parameters through isokinetic exercise. The relationship between muscle forces and moments participated in motion was quantified from the results of simulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For simulation of isokinetic motion, a three-dimensional anatomical knee model was constructed using gait analysis. The EMG-force model was used to determine muscle activation level exciting muscles. The modified Hill-type model was used to calculate individual muscle force and moment in dynamic analysis. This method was validated by comparing analytical data with experimental data. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant correlation between calculated torques from simulation and measured torque from isokinetic motion experiments (R=0.97). We also found that muscle forces and moments during knee flexion and extension have nonlinearly proportional or inversely proportional relationship, since lower extremity muscles were simultaneously involved in flexion/extension motion and inner/outer rotation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the simulation by using musculoskeletal model may be a useful mean to predict and recover musculoskeletal-related diseases, and analyze complicated experiment such as clash condition.
Gait ; Humans ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Lower Extremity ; Muscles ; Torque

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether orthodontic treatment experience affects the individual's perception of smile esthetics and to evaluate differences among orthodontically treated laypersons, non-treated laypersons, and dentists by using computerized image alterations. METHODS: A photograph of a woman's smile was digitally altered using a software image editing program. The alterations involved gingival margin height, crown width and length, incisal plane canting, and dental midline of the maxillary anterior teeth. Three groups of raters (orthodontically treated laypersons, non-treated laypersons, and dentists) evaluated the original and altered images using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: The threshold for detecting changes in maxillary central incisor gingival margin height among laypersons was 1.5 mm; the threshold of dentists, who were more perceptive, was 1.0 mm. For maxillary lateral incisor crown width and height, the threshold of all three groups was 3.0 mm. Canting of the incisal plane was perceived when the canting was 3.0 mm among non-treated laypersons, 2.0 mm among treated laypersons, and 1.0 mm among dentists. Non-treated laypersons could not perceive dental midline shifts; however, treated laypersons and dentists perceived them when the shift was > or = 3.0 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Laypersons with and without orthodontic treatment experience and dentists have different perceptions of smile esthetics. Orthodontically treated laypersons were more critical than non-treated laypersons regarding incisal plane canting and dental midline shifts. Based on these findings, it is suggested that orthodontic treatment experience improved the esthetic perceptions of laypersons.
Crowns ; Dentists* ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Incisor ; Photography ; Tooth ; Visual Analog Scale

The majority of deaths due to intracranial tumors are preceded by long periods of symptoms, resulting in diagnosis of the tumors. And introduction of CT and MRI have led to increased early detection of intracranial tumors. Nonetheless, sudden unexpected deaths from intracranial tumors are rarely encountered at autopsy. We report an autopsy case of 2-year-old boy who died from medulloblastoma.
Autopsy ; Brain Neoplasms ; Death, Sudden ; Medulloblastoma ; Preschool Child

PURPOSE: Several techniques have been introduced for correction of pes cavo-varus deformity. We retrospectively reviewed and compared the data of patients who underwent 1st metatarsal osteotomy alone, Dwyer's osteotomy alone, and 1st metatarsal osteotomy combined with Dwyer's osteotomy to determine the effect on radiographic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on 28 cases in 27 consecutive patients recruited from 2006 to 2014 who underwent 1st metatarsal osteotomy alone (group F), Dwyer's osteotomy alone (group H), or 1st metatarsal osteotomy followed by Dwyer's osteotomy (group HF) with a minimum 1-year follow-up were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Calcaneal pitch angle on the standing foot lateral radiographs was significantly decreased after the operation in groups H and HF whereas Meary angle was decreased in groups F and HF. Hindfoot alignment angle and ratio on the hindfoot alignment view were improved in groups H and HF. Maximal medial cuneiform height reduction was observed in group HF. 1st ray was significantly shortened in groups F and HF. CONCLUSION: Combined forefoot and hindfoot operation took the largest correction power of all radiologic parameters.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Foot Deformities ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones* ; Osteotomy* ; Retrospective Studies

Abdominal wall endometriosis secondary to cesarean section is very rare condition, being reported in less than 0.5% of patients undergoing cesarean section. Moreover, parenchymal pulmonary endometriosis is a rare gynecologic problem, characterized by cyclic hemoptysis. We experienced 38 years old female patient who had had cyclically appearing painful abdominal wall mass after cesarean section pathologically proven endometriosis and 33 year-old female patient with recurrent catamenial hemoptysis localized with CT scanning, and then treated with GnRH agonist. So, we present two cases with a brief review of literatures.
Abdominal Wall ; Adult ; Cesarean Section* ; Cicatrix* ; Endometriosis* ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

The five-year survival rate of patients after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported to be 30 to 50 %, however the actual survival rate may be different. We analyzed the actual 5-year survival rate and prognostic factors after curative resection of HCC. Retrospective analysis was performed on 63 HCC patients who underwent curative resection from 1998 to 1999. A total of 63 cases were reviewed, consisting of 53 men and 10 women, with a median age of 49 years. These cases included all four pathologic T stages (pT stage) and had the following representation: stage 1 (1 case), stage 2 (17 cases), stage 3 (38 cases), and stage 4 (7 cases). In our study, the actual 5-year survival rate was 57.0% and the median survival time was 60 months. In addition, the patients in our study had an actual 5-year disease-free survival rate of 50.2% and a median disease-free survival time of 46 months. Thirty-one patients had recurrences, with a majority occurring within one year (65%). These patients with early recurrences had a poor actual 5-year survival rate of 5%. A univariate analysis showed that the prognostic factors influencing survival rate were the presence of satellite nodules, increased pT stage, HCC recurrence, and the time to recurrence (within one year). Interestingly, microvascular invasion made a difference in survival rate but was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). Furthermore, factors influencing the disease free survival rate include the presence of satellite nodules, microvascular invasion, and pT stage. Multivariate analysis identified pT stage as the only statistically related factor in determining the disease-free survival rate. The most important prognostic factor of HCC is recurrence. Moreover, the major risk factor for recurrence is an advanced pT stage. Therefore, performing prospective studies of postoperative adjuvant therapy is necessary to prevent recurrences after hepatic resection. Furthermore, active preventative treatment and early diagnosis of recurrences should be of the highest priority in the care of high-risk patient groups that have an advanced pT stage.
Survival Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Liver Neoplasms/*mortality/pathology/*surgery ; Liver/pathology/surgery ; Humans ; *Hepatectomy ; Female ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*mortality/pathology/*surgery ; Aged ; Adult