Literature investigation and expert consultation were adopted to construct the theoretical framework and item pool of
Moxibustion ; Thermosensing

For an establishment of application standard of moxibustion, this review was undertaken to consider the current methodologies of moxibustion therapy. Research articles appearing in 3 web-based databases were selected using 9 key words; moxibustion (Korean words; gubeob, guyobeob, tteum, tteumyobeop, ssugtteum, guchiryo), moxa cone, direct moxa, and indirect moxa. In vivo or in vitro studies were grouped and the types, sizes and numbers of moxa cones employed in those studies were abstracted and compared. Total 109 articles reviewed here included 56 clinical studies, 39 animal studies and 14 in vitro studies concerning combustion of moxa. For clinical studies, indirect moxa are mostly employed (33/56), whereas direct moxa for animal studies (34/39). Moxa cone size appeared highly variable, ranging from 0.05 to 50 mg in rice-sized moxa (miripdae) and numbers of moxa cone used in a single treatment varied between 1 and 9. Moreover, there was no correlation between the moxa cone size and the number of moxa cones per treatment. Moxibustion therapy is being increasingly used but is under the neglect of the proper type (direct or indirect), size and numbers of moxa cones. Standard protocol thus needs to be established for an evaluation of therapeutic potential and further clinical application of moxibustion.
Animals ; Korea ; Moxibustion

As an indicator that measures the degree of implementation of intervention measures during the implementation process, fidelity could be used for monitoring and quality evaluation of the completion degree of intervention measures, and plays an important role in improving the degree of intervention implementation and clarifying the factors that affect intervention implementation. This article aims to introduce the connotation and significance, measurement, control, and current application status of fidelity, as well as the current application status of fidelity in acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research and its inspiration for future research. Meanwhile, based on the existing evaluation tool development methods of fidelity and the characteristics of acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research, a preliminary fidelity evaluation framework is proposed. Introducing fidelity into acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research could improve the implementation quality and compliance of acupuncture-moxibustion in clinical research, increase the credibility and effectiveness of clinical research results, and promote the transformation of acupuncture-moxibustion experience into easily learnable and promotable treatment plans.
Moxibustion ; Acupuncture Therapy

The clinical questions of acupuncture-moxibustion (Acup-Mox) guidelines are complicated, including not only the curative effect of Acup-Mox intervention measures, but also the operational elements of Acup-Mox. This paper aimed to put forward the idea and process of collecting clinical questions in developing international acupuncture clinical practice guidelines. The experience was collected and the idea of collecting clinical questions of Acup-Mox was formed through expert consultation and discussion in combination with expert opinions. Based on the characteristics of Acup-Mox discipline. This paper put forward the thinking of collecting elements of clinical questions following the intervention-population-outcome-control (I-P-O-C) inquiry process, according to the discipline of Acup-Mox. It was emphasized that in the process of collecting clinical questions, "treatable population" and "alleviable outcome indicators" for a specific Acup-Mox intervention with certain therapeutic effect should be focused on, so as to highlight the pertinence of clinical questions of Acup-Mox guidelines in terms of population and outcome elements.
Moxibustion ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Acupuncture

OBJECTIVE: By defining the inclusion criteria of the lost acupuncture technique and sorting out the content of lost acupuncture technique (possibly lost acupuncture technique), this article aimed to provide ideas and methods of the inheritance of acupuncture technique. METHODS: The whole entries of RESULTS: A total of 364 items of acupuncture technique were retrieved, including 17 items of lost acupuncture technique and 12 items of possibly lost acupuncture technique. CONCLUSION The lost acupuncture technique is defined as the acupuncture technique recorded in ancient classics but can not be retrieved in modern literature of clinical application or expert's experience. The change of government or alternation of dynasty, the evolution of acupuncture-moxibustion theories and education are the related causes of lost acupuncture technique.
Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; Moxibustion

To introduce the historical origin of five element acupuncture and its development after returning to China, including the domestic inheritance mode, the clinical application, the establishment and operation of the Society of Five Element Acupuncture. This paper analyzed the challenges and opportunities faced by the development of five element acupuncture in China, which provides reference for the further development and expansion of the five element acupuncture.
Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; Moxibustion

This paper focused on "treating spirit" in acupuncture based on the problems and needs in the diagnosis and treatment of difficult diseases, and discussed the diagnosis and treatment of difficult diseases with five-element acupuncture from six aspects: ① integration of soma and spirit in TCM, give top priority to "treating spirit" in acupuncture treatment; ②inadequate understanding of "treating spirit" in conventional acupuncture clinic; ③five-pattern personality and "treating spirit" with acupuncture; ④ five-element acupuncture and holism of correspondence between man and universe; ⑤searching for the primary cause of disease in treatment and motivating self-healing power by five-element acupuncture; ⑥advantages and methods of five-element acupuncture in "treating spirit". It shows that five-element acupuncture can be used to inspire new ideas of diagnosis and treatment of difficult diseases in acupuncture clinic.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Moxibustion

Based on the traditional theory in (), the acupuncture effects of non-acupoints on the body surface were explored. There are the effects of the non-acupoints on meridians, the effects of five tissues (local effects, resonance effects, five- effects and particular effects) and regional effects (nearby effects, structural corresponding effects, holistic effects and the special effects on the specific regions), etc. The innovative recognitions are proposed. ① Stimulating the non-acupoint sites on the body surface generates definite effects, not limited to the local nearby effects. For example, the resonance effects and five- effects are generated by stimulating five tissues. The counter-acting force presents between five tissues and five- organs. ② The regional effects are rich in content and its mechanisms on the induction, coordination and correspondence are not in reference to , meridian and collateral, but are related to the characteristics of activity of the regional body itself. ③ Acupuncture presents not only the effects of the abstract meridian-collateral and the acupoints, but also the effects of concrete five tissues and regions. Acupuncture therapeutic effects may result from the cumulative effects, especially related to the stimulation of the strength by the needle tip. ④ Regarding the differences in the effects between the meridian points and non-acupoint stimulation, the former attaches the importance on " ", which is abstract and dynamic and the later on "shape", which is concrete and static.
Acupuncture Points ; Meridians ; Moxibustion

As a work of modern acupuncture and moxibustion, the discusses various key issues in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion, such as the existing problems of acupuncture and moxibustion, the deconstruction of traditional acupuncture and moxibustion, the cultural problems of acupuncture and moxibustion, the construction of modern acupuncture and moxibustion system, the significance of western acupuncture and moxibustion, the value of 's acupuncture and moxibustion, the problems of systematic acupuncture and moxibustion, which has showed inclusivity and innovation of modern acupuncture and moxibustion.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Medicine ; Moxibustion

There are connotations on regulating deficiency and excess by acupuncture reinforcing and reducing in (), including regulating and , regulating blood and , regulating weakened body resistance and state of evil domination, regulating the deficiency and excess of syndrome. The deficiency and excess usually mean the objects received reinforcing and reducing, such as tangible blood stasis, pus, water, etc, and invisible . The deficiency and excess had always mean the symptoms of diseases since (), and the reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture was regulating . Therefore the connotations of reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture changed and there were complex acupuncture reinforcing and reducing manipulations. The various deficiency and excess connotations and stressing on acupuncture regulating made important changes for the theories and methods of acupuncture reinforcing and reducing which showed the profound impacts of the philosophical thought of monism in ancient China on acupuncture and moxibustion science.
Acupuncture ; China ; Humans ; Moxibustion