This study proposes a new method for measuring upper limb movement using a bio-impedance technique. Bio-impedance and joint angle were simultaneously measured during the wrist and elbow movements of 12 normal subjects. The joint angles of the wrist and elbow were estimated by measuring the bio-impedances of the forearm and upper arm, respectively. Although the measured bio-impedances on upper limbs varied among individuals, changes in the bio-impedances and joint angles of the wrist and elbow during their extension and flexion were very highly correlated, having correlation coefficients of 0.96 +/- 0.04 and -0.98 +/- 0.02, respectively. The reproducibilities of wrist and elbow bio-impedance changes were 2.1 +/- 1.0% and 1.8 +/- 1.0%, respectively. Since the proposed method is not restricted by size or the duration of measurements, it is expected to be useful for the analysis of athletic movement.
Elbow/*physiology ; Electric Impedance ; Human ; Movement ; Reproducibility of Results ; Wrist/*physiology

OBJECTIVESepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. In this article, we reviewed the correlation between neutrophil dysfunction and sepsis.

DATA SOURCESArticles published up to May 31, 2016, were selected from the PubMed databases, with the keywords of "neutrophil function", "neutrophil dysfunction", and "sepsis".

STUDY SELECTIONArticles were obtained and reviewed to analyze the neutrophil function in infection and neutrophil dysfunction in sepsis.

RESULTSWe emphasized the diagnosis of sepsis and its limitations. Pathophysiological mechanisms involve a generalized circulatory, immune, coagulopathic, and/or neuroendocrine response to infection. Many studies focused on neutrophil burst or cytokines. Complement activation, impairment of neutrophil migration, and endothelial lesions are involved in this progress. Alterations of cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators contribute to neutrophil dysfunction in sepsis.

CONCLUSIONSSepsis represents a severe derangement of the immune response to infection, resulting in neutrophil dysfunction. Neutrophil dysfunction promotes sepsis and even leads to organ failure. Mechanism studies, clinical practice, and strategies to interrupt dysregulated neutrophil function in sepsis are desperately needed.

Animals ; Cell Movement ; physiology ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; physiology ; Sepsis ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the variation in movement traces of different condylar reference points.

METHODSIn 30 healthy subjects, mandibular movements were recorded during protrusion and open-closing of the jaw. The kinematic center and terminal hinge axis point of the condyle were used as reference points.

RESULTSThe kinematic center was located anteriorly and superiorly with respect to the terminal hinge axis point. The trace distance of the kinematic center was longer than that of the terminal hinge axis point of the condyle during opening. In contrast to differences in trace distances of the left and right condylar terminal hinge axis points, no such left-right differences were found for the kinematic centers. The ratio between the distance of opening trace and the distance of protrusion trace of the kinematic center was above 1.5.

CONCLUSIONSIn comparison to the terminal hinge axis, the kinematic center shows fewer variations in the movement traces.

Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Humans ; Jaw ; physiology ; Mandibular Condyle ; physiology ; Movement

The repair of superficially damaged intestinal epithelium is initiated by restitution. Restitution is the covering of damaged area by the movement of neighboring epithelial cells without cell proliferation. Phenotypic switching of cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is necessary for the cell movement and this process is controlled by complex intracellular signaling pathways conducting dynamic remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. Restitution is regulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and is modulated by integrin-dependent interactions with the extracellular matrix. Understanding the restitution process suggests several possible therapeutic strategies to enhance gastrointestinal wound healing.
Cell Movement ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology ; Regeneration/*physiology

The repair of superficially damaged intestinal epithelium is initiated by restitution. Restitution is the covering of damaged area by the movement of neighboring epithelial cells without cell proliferation. Phenotypic switching of cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is necessary for the cell movement and this process is controlled by complex intracellular signaling pathways conducting dynamic remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. Restitution is regulated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors, and is modulated by integrin-dependent interactions with the extracellular matrix. Understanding the restitution process suggests several possible therapeutic strategies to enhance gastrointestinal wound healing.
Cell Movement ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/*physiology ; Regeneration/*physiology

Human upper extremity is the most complex and flexible executor during the human movement, coordination analysis of the synergetic control principle of human upper extremity is of great significance in trajectory planning and real-time control of anthropopathy robots and intelligent prosthesis system. Most studies have only been performed within the last 10 years. This paper surveys the research in the structure characteristic and redundancy coordination principle of human upper extremity, and the developments of various prospects of anthropopathy robots, intelligent prosthesis, gymnastic science and rehabilitation evaluation are discussed.
Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Movement ; physiology ; Upper Extremity ; physiology

AIMTo observe the difference of EMG features between junior athletes and general students of knee flexor and extensor in performing various jumps.

METHODS30 junior athletes and 30 middle school students took part in the test. EMG signal from knee flexor and extensor were measured, when subjects performed squatting jump, counter-movement jump and drop jump.

RESULTSThe results indicated that the agonists EMG activity related to sex. With the load of leg increasing, there were no significant changes in iEMG and Fmean for male. There was some increasing in iEMG but no change in Fmean for female. The antagonists EMG activity maybe related to training. With the load of leg increasing, the EMG activity of antagonists changed slightly for the junior athletes, however, increased obviously for the common students.

CONCLUSIONTo improve the performance of jump, male athletes should mostly improve efficiency, however female athletes can increase the recruiting of muscle fiber. Moreover the ability of antagonists coordinating for athlete in the course of jumping is higher than that of general students.

Adolescent ; Athletes ; Electromyography ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; physiology ; Male ; Movement ; physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology ; Posture ; physiology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Altitude ; Extremities ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; physiology ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Movement ; physiology ; Young Adult

Kinematics has been successfully used to describe body motion without reference to the kinetics (or forces causing the motion). In this article, both the theory and applications of the matrix method are provided to describe complex human motion. After the definition of a Cartesian coordinate frame is introduced, the description of transformations between multiple coordinate frames is given; the decomposition of a transformation matrix into anatomical joint motion parameters (e.g. Euler angles) is then explained. The advantages of the matrix method are illustrated by three examples related to biomechanical studies. The first describes a reaching and grasping task in which matrix transformations are applied to position the hand with respect to an object during grasping. The second example demonstrates the utility of the matrix method in revealing the coupling motion of the wrist between flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation. The last example highlights the indispensable use of the matrix method for the study of knee biomechanics, including the description of knee joint kinematics during functional activities and determination of in-situ ligament forces using robotic technology, which has advanced our understanding of the functions of the cruciate ligaments to knee joint kinematics. It is hoped that the theoretical development and biomechanical application examples will help the readers apply the matrix method to research problems related to human motion.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; methods ; Humans ; Knee ; physiology ; Motion ; Movement ; physiology ; Wrist ; physiology

Low shear stress is a component of the tumor microenvironment in vivo and plays a key role in regulating cancer cell migration and invasion. The integrin, as a mechano-sensors mediating and integrating mechanical and chemical signals, induce the adhesion between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of low shear stress (1.4 dyn/cm2)on the migration of HepG2 cells and the expression of integrin. Scratch wound migration assay was performed to examine the effect of low shear stress on the migration of HepG2 cells at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h, respectively. F-actin staining was used to detect the expression of F-actin in HepG2 cells treated with low shear stress at 2 h and 4 h. Western blot analysis was carried out to determine the effect of low shear stress on the expression of integrin at different durations. The results showed that the migrated distance of HepG2 cells and the expression of F-actin increased significantly compared with the controls. The integrin alpha subunits showed a different time-dependent expression, suggesting that various subunits of integrin exhibit different effects in low shear stress regulating cancer cells migration.
Actins ; physiology ; Cell Movement ; Extracellular Matrix ; physiology ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Integrins ; physiology ; Stress, Mechanical