OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of 1% povidone-iodine mouthwash combined with scaling and root planing in patients with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ class A/B periodontitis, and to provide a basis for the clinical application of povidone-iodine mouthwash. METHODS: Seventy-five subjects were included in this trial and randomly divided into three groups. After full-mouth ultrasonic supragingival cleansing, scaling and root planing, the placebo group was treated with sodium chloride injection (NaCl group), the control group was treated with compound chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX group), and the experimental group was treated with 1% povidone-iodine mouthwash (PVP-I group), and rinsed their mouths for 1 week, respectively. Subjects were tested at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after dosing for clinical indicators, microbial composition of supragingival plaque, gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory marker levels, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-three subjects completed the follow-up. After treatment, the clinical indicators, microbial indicators, and inflammatory indicators were all significantly improved (P<0.05). Comparisons among the groups showed that one week after treatment, the bleeding index and plaque index of the CHX group and the PVP-I group were lower than those of the NaCl group, and the plaque index of the CHX group was lower than that of the PVP-I group (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the other clinical indicators among the groups (P>0.05). Twelve weeks after treatment, the Shannon index of the CHX group was lower than that of the NaCl group (P<0.05), and there were no statistically significant differences in the other microbial indicators among the groups (P>0.05). Twelve weeks after treatment, the interleukin-10 concentration of the CHX group was higher than that of the NaCl group (P<0.05), and there were no statistically significant differences in the other inflammatory indicators among the groups (P>0.05). The PVP-I group had the highest scores in terms of taste and oral odor. There was no obvious staining on the tooth surfaces and mucosa in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS 1% PVP-I mouthwash combined with scaling and root planing can effectively reduce gingival inflammation and dental plaque, improve clinical symptoms in the short term. While its efficacy is not significantly inferior to that of chlorhexidine, PVP-I mouthwash is more acceptable to patients than chlorhexidine.
Humans ; Povidone-Iodine/administration & dosage* ; Mouthwashes/therapeutic use* ; Dental Scaling ; Root Planing ; Periodontitis/microbiology* ; Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry* ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use* ; Female ; Male ; Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use* ; Dental Plaque/microbiology* ; Middle Aged ; Adult

Severe allergic reactions to hydrogen peroxide solution and compound chlorhexidine gargle are rare, and most medical professionals have limited understanding of such cases. This article reports a case of anaphylactic shock in a patient with a periodontal abscess following oral flushing with hydrogen peroxide and compound chlorhexidine gargle. Drawing on domestic and international literature, it provides a reference for the emergency management of serious adverse reactions caused by these agents.
Humans ; Anaphylaxis/chemically induced* ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/adverse effects* ; Chlorhexidine/adverse effects* ; Hydrogen Peroxide/adverse effects* ; Mouthwashes/adverse effects*

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of MnO₂-diatom microbubbler (DM) on the surface of prosthetic materials as a mouthwash by comparing the biofilm removal effect with those previously used as a mouthwash in dental clinic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: DM was fabricated by doping manganese dioxide nanosheets to the diatom cylinder surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of DM and to analyze the composition of doped MnO₂. Stereomicroscope was used to observe the reaction of DM in 3% hydrogen peroxide. Non-precious metal alloys, zirconia and resin specimens were prepared to evaluate the effect of biofilm removal on the surface of prosthetic materials. And then Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms were formed on the specimens. When 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and DM were treated on the biofilms, the decontamination effect was compared with chlorhexidine gluconate and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution by crystal violet staining.RESULTS: Manganese dioxide was found on the surface of the diatom cylinder, and it was found to produce bubble of oxygen gas when added to 3% hydrogen peroxide. For all materials used in the experiments, biofilms of the DM-treated groups got effectively removed compared to the groups used with chlorhexidine gluconate or 3% hydrogen peroxide alone.CONCLUSION: MnO₂-diatom microbubbler can remove bacterial membranes on the surface of prosthetic materials more effectively than conventional mouthwashes.
Alloys ; Biofilms ; Chlorhexidine ; Decontamination ; Dental Clinics ; Dental Plaque ; Diatoms ; Gentian Violet ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; In Vitro Techniques ; Manganese ; Membranes ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mouthwashes ; Oral Hygiene ; Oxygen ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; Streptococcus mutans

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the effect of different materials and techniques on the shear bond strength of veneering ceramic materials to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 136 sintered zirconia cubes were prepared and randomly divided into four study groups according to corresponding methods of surface treatment and materials: GLN (grinding followed by laser scanning using Noritake Cerabien ZR), SLN (sandblasting followed by laser scanning using Noritake Cerabien ZR), GLV (grinding followed by laser scanning using VITA VM 9), and SLV (sandblasting followed by laser scanning using VITA VM 9). Spraying technique was performed to coat the core. Profilometer, SEM, XRD, EDS, universal testing machine, and stereomicroscope were used to record surface roughness Ra, surface morphology, phase transformation, elemental compositions, shear bond strength SBS values, and failure types, respectively. Specimens were investigated in unaged (not immersed in artificial saliva) and aged (stored in artificial saliva for a month) conditions to evaluate SBS values. RESULTS: Grinding and GLN as first and second surface treatments provided satisfactory Ra values in both conditions (1.05 ± 0.24 µm, 1.30 ± 0.21 µm) compared to sandblasting and other groups (P < .05). The group GLN showed the highest SBS values in both conditions (30.97 ± 3.12 MPa, 29.09 ± 4.17 MPa), while group SLV recorded the lowest (23.96 ± 3.60 MPa, 22.95 ± 3.68 Mpa) (P < .05). Sandblasting showed phase transformation from t-m. Mixed failure type was the commonest among all groups. CONCLUSION: GLN showed to be a reliable method which provided satisfactory bond strength between the veneer ceramic and zirconia. This method might preserve the integrity of fixed dental crowns.
Ceramics ; Crowns ; Methods ; Saliva, Artificial

Halitosis is a very common disease that affects the majority of the population and is characterized by unpleasant odor during expiration. Anaerobic bacteria produce a range of malodorous substances including volatile sulfur compounds. To reduce oral malodor, the amount of oral microorganisms should be managed through brushing, scraping, and use of antibacterial agents. In this study, a mouthwash containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride was tested on 22 candidates with oral malodor for two weeks to confirm oral malodor reduction through the use of antibacterial mouthwashes. Volatile sulfur compound measurements were significantly lower after using the mouthwash than before using it; thus, the mouthwash effectively reduced oral malodor.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Cetylpyridinium ; Halitosis ; Mouth ; Mouthwashes ; Odors ; Sterilization ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Compounds

BACKGROUND: The market for vitamin drinks is expanding both in Korea and worldwide. However, it was difficult to find studies regarding the possibility of tooth erosion induction due to vitamin drinks. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of tooth erosion caused by a few commercial vitamin beverages on bovine teeth enamel in terms of erosion depth and fluorescence loss. METHODS: Three experimental groups (vitamin drinks), a positive control group (Coca-Cola), and a negative control group (mineral water) were established. Each group consisted of 5 specimens obtained from sound bovine teeth. The pH and titratable acidity of beverages were measured. Specimens were immersed in the beverages and artificial saliva for 6 and 18 hours, respectively. This cycle was repeated for 5 days. The depth of the tooth loss caused by tooth erosion (erosion depth) and maximum loss of fluorescence (Max ΔF) were measured using the microscope and quantified light-induced fluorescence-digital, respectively. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA were used to compare the erosion depth and Max ΔF of the enamel surfaces. In addition, Spearman correlations were estimated. RESULTS: The pH of the three vitamin beverages ranged from 2.65 to 3.01, which is similar to that of the positive control group. All beverages, except mineral water, had sugar and acidic ingredients. Vitamin drinks and the positive control, Coca-Cola, caused tooth erosion lesions, and showed significant differences in erosion depth compared to mineral water (p<0.05). The vitamin beverages with low pH were associated with high erosion depth and Max ΔF. CONCLUSION: Vitamin drinks have the potential to cause tooth erosion.
Beverages ; Dental Enamel ; Fluorescence ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; In Vitro Techniques ; Korea ; Mineral Waters ; Saliva, Artificial ; Tooth Erosion ; Tooth Loss ; Tooth ; Vitamins

To explore the remineralization effect of bioactive glass NovaMin on demineralized dentin specimens, and to study the physical and chemical properties of formed structure at dentin surface.
 Methods: One mm-thickness coronal dentin slices were soaked in ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 48 h to prepare the completely demineralized dentin specimens and they were divided into 2 groups: an artificial saliva group (control group) and a NovaMin powder group. The specimens were treated with artificial saliva or NovaMin powder for 2 min (2 times every day), and the interval was 8 hours. Then, the specimens were soaked in the remineralization solution. After 7 days, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to detect dentin morphology, the physical and chemical properties of the formed structure at dentin surface.
 Results: The results of SEM showed that a defined surface layer in the NovaMin powder group could be observed in the SEM imaging at the 7th day, which completely occluded dentinal tubules; the EDX, ATR-FTIR and XRD analysis found that the mineralized layer formed at dentin surface was mainly composed of calcium and phosphate elements, which was similar to the hydroxyapatite-like crystal. However, there were no materials formed at the dentin surface in the control group, and the dentinal tubules were still open.
 Conclusion: NovaMin can remineralize the demineralized dentin specimens and occlude the dentinal tubules in hydroxyapatite-like crystal structure.
Dental Pulp Cavity ; Dentin ; chemistry ; Glass ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Saliva, Artificial ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Tooth Remineralization ; methods

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of bioactive glass on Vickers hardness of bleached enamel surface. Enamel specimens were bleached with 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) for 14days. After bleaching, Artificial saliva (AS), 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) and fluoride varnish (FV) are applied each specimens (n=10). The Vickers hardness of the specimens was measured before and after the bleaching, after the remineralized treatment at 1 day and after 7 and 14 days. The Vickers hardness on enamel surface after bleaching decreased statistically (p < 0.05) compared to before bleached enamel surface. The Vickers hardness increased significantly in the BAG and FV groups compared to the AS group values at 1 day and 7 days after remineralization (P < 0.05). 45S5 bioactive glass rapidly increase Vickers hardness of the bleached enamel surface.
Dental Enamel ; Fluorides ; Glass ; Hardness ; Paint ; Saliva, Artificial ; Urea

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical properties of some commercially available mouthwashes and to ascertain whether the mouthwashes accelerated mineral loss in dental enamel. Five commercially available mouthwashes were selected from the three largest malls in Korea: Perio Total 7 Aqua Cool Mint Strong FreshTM (PS; LG Household & Health Care Ltd.), Garglin OriginalTM (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Garglin ZeroTM (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Listerine Naturals CitrusTM (LC; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.), and Listerine Cool MintTM (LM; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.). The composition, pH, and titratable acidity of the mouthwashes were investigated. Six bovine teeth specimens were prepared for each mouthwash group. Each of the six specimens was individually immersed in 30 ml aliquots of mouthwash for 1 minute, 30 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes, and the samples were placed in a 36.5℃ stirred incubator. The degree of mineral loss (ΔF) of the tooth surface area exposed to mouthwash, compared with normal teeth, was analyzed by quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital. The difference in ΔF among mouthwash groups was examined by the Kruskal-Wallis H test (α=0.05). The contents of mouthwashes differed between Listerine and other products, and the pH ranged from 4.09 to 6.75. The titratable acidity of PS was the lowest at 0.63 ml and highest at 9.25 ml for LM. Minor mineral loss was observed when dental specimens were immersed in the Listerine products (LC and LM) for more than 90 minutes, but the degree of mineral loss for Listerine products was not statistically significantly different from that for groups without mineral loss. In conclusion, all five commercially available mouthwashes showed no harmful effects on tooth enamel.
Delivery of Health Care ; Dental Enamel ; Dental Hygienists ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incubators ; Korea ; Mentha ; Miners ; Mouthwashes* ; Tooth*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dentifrice containing 1,500 ppm F (NaF) and 2% bamboo salt on dental erosion caused by ingestion of acidic beverages. METHODS: Specimens of extracted bovine teeth enamel were embedded in a resin and polished. Experimental specimens were subjected to one of the six treatments (n=10 per treatment group): the experimental group consisted of 1,500 ppm F (NaF)+2% bamboo salt; 1,500 ppm F (NaF); 1,000 ppm F (NaF)+2% bamboo salt; 1,000 ppm F (NaF); free fluoride+2% bamboo salt; and free fluoride. The specimens were exposed to the experimental dentifrice, an acidic beverage, and artificial saliva. The treated specimens were analyzed using a Vickers surface hardness test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface hardness and SEM were compared before and after the chemical pH cycling sequences for 12 days. RESULTS: Group 1 (1,500 ppm F+2% bamboo salt) showed the highest surface hardness, followed by group 2 (1,500 ppm F), group 3 (1,000 ppm F+2% bamboo salt), group 4 (1,000 ppm F), group 5 (free fluoride+2% bamboo salt), and group 6 (free fluoride), in that order. Upon observing the surface by SEM, when bamboo salt was used and when the NaF concentration was higher, the enamel was denser and the surface was more highly remineralized. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a higher concentration of NaF and bamboo salt resulted in a higher preventive effect on tooth erosive potential. The addition of bamboo salt to dentifrice containing a high concentration of NaF can contribute to preventing dental erosion.
Beverages ; Dental Enamel ; Dentifrices* ; Eating ; Fluorides ; Hardness ; Hardness Tests ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Saliva, Artificial ; Tooth