Black hairy tongue is the name given to the appearance of an abnormal coating of the tongue and occurs in adults. It is the result of hyperkeratosis of the filiform lingual papillae which, on gross examination appear hair-like with a variable tinctorial aspect from yellow-brown to black. The pathogenesis is unknown. A number of etiologic factors have been implicated including the administration of topical or systemic antibiotics, poor hygiene, smoking, alcohol and the use of mouthwashes. We report a case of black hairy tongue that may be associated with oral administration of minocycline.
Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Minocycline* ; Mouthwashes ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tongue ; Tongue, Hairy*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an essential oil mouthrinse with gingival massage on oral health in community indwelling elderly. METHOD: The subjects were composed of 61 healthy elderly at a Senior Welfare Center in J city. Thirty subjects in the experimental group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse for 2 weeks(4 times per day, 3 minutes per session). The 31 subjects in the control group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing. The effects of the treatment were measured by salivary pH, salivary IgA level, halitosis, oral subjective symptoms, and oral self care behavior scores before, right after and 2 weeks after the experiment. RESULTS: Salivary pH was significantly increased(p=0.018) in the experimental group. Salivary IgA levels were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups; however, IgA levels of the experimental group were significantly increased(p=0.006) after time had passed. Halitosis was significantly decreased(p=0.002) in the experimental group. Oral subjective symptom scores were significantly decreased(p=0.000) and oral self care behavior scores were significantly increased(p=0.000) in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Regular gingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for the elderly.
*Toothbrushing ; *Oral Health ; Oils, Volatile/*administration & dosage ; Mouthwashes/*administration & dosage ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Health Education, Dental ; Female ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aged

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an essential oil mouthrinse with gingival massage on oral health in community indwelling elderly. METHOD: The subjects were composed of 61 healthy elderly at a Senior Welfare Center in J city. Thirty subjects in the experimental group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse for 2 weeks(4 times per day, 3 minutes per session). The 31 subjects in the control group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing. The effects of the treatment were measured by salivary pH, salivary IgA level, halitosis, oral subjective symptoms, and oral self care behavior scores before, right after and 2 weeks after the experiment. RESULTS: Salivary pH was significantly increased(p=0.018) in the experimental group. Salivary IgA levels were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups; however, IgA levels of the experimental group were significantly increased(p=0.006) after time had passed. Halitosis was significantly decreased(p=0.002) in the experimental group. Oral subjective symptom scores were significantly decreased(p=0.000) and oral self care behavior scores were significantly increased(p=0.000) in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Regular gingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for the elderly.
*Toothbrushing ; *Oral Health ; Oils, Volatile/*administration & dosage ; Mouthwashes/*administration & dosage ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Humans ; Health Education, Dental ; Female ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aged

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the level of salivary Mutans streptococci (MS) after rinsing with xylitol, fluoride, and a combination of xylitol and fluoride solutions, compared with distilled water.

METHODSEighty healthy 8-9 years old subjects with high level of MS (> 10(5) CFU/mL) were equally divided into 4 groups. Subjects rinsed their mouths for 1 min with 10 mL of 0.05% (w/v) sodium fluoride (NaF), 12.5% (w/v) xylitol or 0.05% (w/v) NaF + 12.5% (w/v) xylitol 3 times daily over 10 weeks. Distilled water rinsed group served as a control. Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected at baseline, 5 weeks, and 10 weeks after rinsing to determine the level of salivary MS by culturing on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar. The statistical significance was calculated by Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney U, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at a significant level of P< 0.05.

RESULTSSignificant reductions in MS count were observed in subjects using 0.05% NaF + 12.5% xylitol over other groups within 5 weeks and after 10 weeks and 12.5% xylitol alone after 10 weeks compared with baseline.

CONCLUSIONSThe present study provides evidence for the inhibitory effect of xylitol, used in combination with fluoride, delivered in the form of mouthrinse, on salivary MS in the group of schoolchildren.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Load ; Child ; Female ; Fluorides ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Mouthwashes ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Saliva ; microbiology ; Streptococcus mutans ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Xylitol ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the inhibitory effects of topical application of specific immunoglobulin yolk antibodies (IgY) to mutans streptococci on composition of human dental plaque.

METHODSA total of 24 healthy adult volunteers were selected and randomly distributed into three experimental groups. After a supragingival scaling, the subjects were treated with an application of IgY containing spray (test group, n = 9), a 0.15% chlorhexidine(CH) spray(positive control group, n = 9) or a placebo phosphate buffered saline(PBS) spray without any active ingredients(negative control group, n = 6) three times daily for three weeks. Pooled plaque samples from the smooth surfaces of teeth were collected for microbiologic analysis before administration (baseline, day 0), during treatment(days 7, 14 and 21) and after withdrawal of the agents(days 28, 42 and 56) and plaque index were recorded. Microbial cultivation were performed by serially diluting the samples with PBS solution an cultivating the aliquots on mitis salivarius agar(MS) and MS supplemented with bacitracin (MSB) for oral streptococci and mutans streptococci respectively. The number of colony-forming unit (CFU) per plate was counted and the percentage of mutans streptococci per oral streptococci in dental plaque were determined. The effect of IgY on colonization of mutans streptococci were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTSThe plaque indexes remained unchanged, but mutans streptococci in dental plaque was suppressed significantly following a short term(three weeks) application of IgY, and low level of mutans streptococci persisted for at least 5 weeks after withdrawal of IgY.

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that the immunization with specific immunoglobulin yolk against mutans streptococci could be useful for long term suppression of mutans streptococci colonization in human dental plaque.

Adult ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; administration & dosage ; Chickens ; Chlorhexidine ; administration & dosage ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dental Caries ; prevention & control ; Dental Plaque ; microbiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; pharmacology ; Mouth ; microbiology ; Mouthwashes ; Streptococcus mutans ; drug effects ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the microbiological changes of subgingival microbials in patients with gingivitis and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances.

METHODS48 subjects (10 to 17 years old) with gingivitis, and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances, were divided randomly into three groups (placebo, NS and CH). Placebo group had normal saline mouthrinse; only and no oral hygiene instruction (OHI). The NS group had OHI and normal saline mouthrinse; The CH group had OHI and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse. Bacterial examinations were carried out on baseline, one week, one month and three months after scaling. The bacterial examination was carried out. The percentage of coccus, bacillus and spirochete was calculated.

RESULTSIn placebo group and NS group, the percentage of coccus increased up to the third examination then dropped down. The spirochete's percentage changed inversely. CH group maintained an increasing trend in coccus' percentage and decreasing trend in spirochete's percentage. The percentage changes of coccus and bacillus between placebo group and CH group are statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSDuring the three-month examination, the CH group had better microbiologic change than the other two groups.

Adolescent ; Child ; Chlorhexidine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Female ; Gingivitis ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Malocclusion ; microbiology ; therapy ; Mouthwashes ; Orthodontic Appliances ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; adverse effects ; methods ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Periodontal Diseases ; microbiology ; prevention & control ; Periodontal Pocket ; microbiology ; pathology ; Spirochaetales ; isolation & purification ; Spirochaetales Infections ; microbiology