Child ; Humans ; Motor Skills Disorders ; diagnosis ; therapy

The Rome IV criteria, published in 2016, encompass upper gastrointestinal lesions of functional esophageal disorders and functional gastroduodenal disorders. Functional esophageal disorders include functional chest pain, functional heartburn, reflux hypersensitivity, globus, and functional dysphagia. Patients with functional esophageal disorders typically have esophageal symptoms that are not associated with structural, inflammatory, or major esophageal motor disorders. Although the mechanisms of symptom generation in functional esophageal disorders are unclear, visceral hypersensitivity and hypervigilance may play a role. Therefore, treatment options include drugs and modalities that affect peripheral triggering and central perception. Further well-designed studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of symptom generation in, and to develop appropriate therapies for, functional esophageal disorders.
Anxiety ; Chest Pain ; Deglutition Disorders ; Heartburn ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Motor Disorders

Capsuloligamentous injury at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is a common traumatic injury during physical activity, particularly on artificial turf. Mechanism of injury include excessive flexion, extension, or valgus stress. We report a non-operatively treated capsuloligamentous injury at the first MTP joint, which did not occur traumatically but developed by a stress-related mechanism in a collegiate rower.
Cumulative Trauma Disorders ; Joints ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint* ; Motor Activity

Cerebellar circuitry is important to controlling and modifying motor activity. It conducts the coordination and correction of errors in muscle contractions during active movements. Therefore, cerebrovascular lesions of the cerebellum or its pathways can cause diverse movement disorders, such as action tremor, Holmes' tremor, palatal tremor, asterixis, and dystonia. The pathophysiology of abnormal movements after stroke remains poorly understood. However, due to the current advances in functional neuroimaging, it has recently been described as changes in functional brain networks. This review describes the clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms in different types of movement disorders following cerebrovascular lesions in the cerebellar circuits.
Brain ; Cerebellum ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; Dyskinesias ; Dystonia ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Motor Activity ; Movement Disorders* ; Muscle Contraction ; Stroke ; Tremor

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical features of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and the effects of occupational therapy. METHOD: Seventeen children were diagnosed with DCD using by Bruininks-Osteretsky test of motor proficiency (BOTMP). To investigate the clinical features, neurological examinations such as soft neurological signs, speech evaluation, cognitive assessment, and psychiatric evaluation were performed on the 17 participants. Among the participants, 8 children had occupational therapy. BOTMP and cognitive function were evaluated both prior to and 6 months after the intervention. RESULTS: Children with DCD showed various soft neurological signs and co-morbidities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental language disorder, and emotional problems. The cognitive assessment revealed disproportionately low performance IQ for all subjects. After occupational therapy, scores for BOTMP and performance IQ increased significantly. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of DCD are heterogeneous and occupational therapy focused on motor proficiency was effective. This study supports raising interest in and attention on children with motor coordination difficulties.
Benzidines ; Child ; Humans ; Language Development Disorders ; Motor Skills Disorders ; Neurologic Examination ; Occupational Therapy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of upper and lower extremity transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in patients with parkinsonism. METHODS: Twenty patients (14 men, 6 women; mean age 70.5±9.1 years) suffering from parkinsonism were included in this study. All participants underwent single-pulse TMS session to assess the corticospinal excitability of the upper and lower extremity motor cortex. The resting motor threshold (RMT) was defined as the lowest stimulus intensity able to evoke MEPs of an at least 50 µV peak-to-peak amplitude in 5 of 10 consecutive trials. Five sweeps of MEPs at 120% of the RMT were performed, and the mean amplitude and latency of the MEPs were calculated. Patients were also assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) and the 5-meter Timed Up and Go (5m-TUG) test. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between the RMTs of MEPs in the upper and lower extremities (r=0.612, p=0.004) and between the amplitude of MEPs in the upper and lower extremities (r=0.579, p=0.007). The RMT of upper extremity MEPs showed a significant negative relationship with the UPDRS-III score (r=-0.516, p=0.020). In addition, RMTs of lower extremity MEPs exhibited a negative relationship with the UPDRS-III score, but the association was not statistically significant (r=-406, p=0.075). CONCLUSION: These results indicated that the RMT of MEPs reflect the severity of motor dysfunction in patients with parkinsonism. MEP is a potential quantitative, electrodiagnostic method to assess motor function in patients with parkinsonism.
Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Motor Cortex ; Parkinson Disease ; Parkinsonian Disorders* ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation* ; Upper Extremity

Brain ; physiology ; Child ; Child Behavior ; physiology ; Child Development ; physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Motor Activity ; physiology ; Motor Skills Disorders ; diagnosis

Sleep disorders are common, occurring in both healthy elderly people and in association with neurodegenerative diseases, sometimes preceding other clinical manifestations of those diseases. The sleep disorders of neurodegenerative diseases include insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, excessive nocturnal motor activity, circadian sleep-wake rhythm disturbances, and sleep breathing disorders. This review addresses the neuroanatomical basis of sleep, the associated regulatory mechanisms and neurotransmitters, and the relationship between cognitive function and sleep. Furthermore, the clinical features of sleep disorders in a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed, including movement disorders and dementia.
Aged ; Dementia* ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Movement Disorders* ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Parasomnias ; Respiration ; Sleep Wake Disorders* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). METHODS: Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). RESULTS: Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Behavioral Symptoms ; Benzidines ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Mood Disorders ; Motor Skills Disorders

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the clinical differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). METHODS: Participants were 49 children and adolescents with ages between 6 and 18 years. These subjects were placed into 2 groups: ADHD without DCD (24) and ADHD with DCD (25). We used several evaluation tools on both groups: the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version- Korean Version (K-SADS-PL), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-IIII), Child Behavior Check List (CBCL), Korean Personality Rating Scale for Children (K-PRC), and Bruininks-Osretsky Test of Motor (BOT-2). RESULTS: Patients with both ADHD and DCD had a lower performance intelligence quotient and more internal and external behavioral symptoms than patients with ADHD but not DCD. It is possible that patients with ADHD and motor coordination problems should be noticed earlier and given intensive treatment.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Behavioral Symptoms ; Benzidines ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Mood Disorders ; Motor Skills Disorders