Dendritic cells (DCs), the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo, had been widely characterized in the last three decades. DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents, autoantigens, allergens and alloantigen. DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes. This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, it was assumed that DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, but now it is evident that DCs also have important roles in innate immunity. These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against various pathological conditions including malignancies. Initially, DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers. Data from these studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago. In general, DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in patients with cancers, although few controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. Because, the fundamentals principles of human cancers and animal models of cancers are different, the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing regime of DC-based therapy in cancer patients is not satisfactory. In this review, we covered the various aspects that should be considered for developing better regime of DC-based therapy for human cancers.
Animals ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; transplantation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; immunology ; therapy ; Vaccination ; methods

Objective: To determine whether severe kyphosis is one of the risk factors of umbilical trichophytosis in elderly people.Patients and Methods: Four cases with umbilical trichophytosis in the last 3 years and all 143 patients who visited to our clinic during from April 2018 to March 2019 were included in this study. The relationship between the condition of umbilical region and kyphosis was investigated. As regards the levels of senile kyphosis, simple visual classification of the kyphosis method was used (Level 0–4).Results: All four cases with umbilical trichophytosis were elderly women aged ≥80 years, had severe kyphosis, skin overlaps, filthy umbilical region, and lumps of dirt in the umbilical region and had nail tinea. Only two cases had umbilical trichophytosis among 143 patients who visited our clinic during the 1 year study period, with incidence is of 1.4%/year. About 65.7%, 60%, and 37.1% of 35 patients with kyphosis with forward-bent posture had skin overlap, moist, and filthy umbilical regions, respectively. However, these symptoms were not found in patients without severe kyphosis.Conclusion: Severe kyphosis with forward-bent posture could be one of the risk factors of umbilical trichophytosis in elderly people.