No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital*

No abstract available.
Toluene* ; Xylenes*

No abstract available.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone* ; Gonadotropins*

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

Intraductal variant of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma is extremely rare. This variant shows intraductal growth and intraluminal extension without any infiltrative growth. The mode of intraductal growth is not known. The prognosis of this variant is better than that of usual cholangiocarcinoma. We report three cases, one of which is associated with Clonorchis sinensis (CS) infection. The tumors were entirely confined within the dilated peripheral tributaries of the intrahepatic bile duct. Microscopically, the tumors were well to moderately well differentiated, with a papillary or a micropapillary growth pattern. Focal clear cytoplasmic change and mucin production were noted. The tumors showed intraductal spreading without any invasion to the liver parenchyme. Mucosal hyperplasia and dysplasia were noted in the adjacent ducts. The authors assume that intraductal cholangiocarcinoma is a distinct subtype, and persistent irritation, such as, CS infection may undergo a malignant transformation through mucosal dysplasia.
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Cytoplasm ; Hyperplasia ; Liver* ; Mucins ; Prognosis

Unfortunately, we have poor knowledge of medical technology in North Korea. This study has thus attempted to identify the level and status of medical technology development through analyzing the contents of medical textbooks currently in use. This study has assumed that three factors are influencing the level and status of medical technology in a society ; the level of socio-economic development in general, the level of scientific technology revolution and health policy. Forty textbooks are collected for this purpose. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) North Korea has strengths in that (1) its herb drugs, which are in a broad use, are cheaper, more safe and more attainable than bio-equivalent chemical ones, and (2) the development of its medical technology was carried out with emphasis on the practical and basic health needs. 2) North Korea has weaknesses in that (1) its medical diagnostic method largely depends on manual procedures, (2) the R & D investment in the development of chemical drugs, especially antibiotics, is very small, (3) the amount of medical equipments is in a absolute shortage, and (4) the medical technology is destitute of specialty, caused mainly by the overemphasis on Juche-Uihak or herb medicine. 3) Medical technology has two faces, positive and negative so that it cannot be successfully evaluated by one. It eventually acts a positive function for public health through developments of drug, equipment and new medical treatment method. But it is also true that it has negative effects such as the dehumanization of high cost medical technology, cost hike due to over-investments in expensive equipments, and the absence of wholistic care from overspecialization. 4) We have to consider economic status and the social needs of medical care in order to evaluate the medical technology of a society. It is also the ease with North Korea. A whole picture of the North Korean medical technology could be understood only if further comprehensive studies of medical technology are to be carried out for North Korea.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Dehumanization ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea* ; Health Policy ; Herbal Medicine ; Investments ; Public Health

Ever since the unrelenting efforts of Yasuda to Piezoelectricity, its been one of the hot areas in orthopaedic fields to file up experimental and clinical data concerning treatment of nonunion, delayed union and pseudarthrosis. Clinical use of this theory is the result of a systemic thirty-year investigation of bioelectrical phenomina in the skeletal system and of their role in regulating cellular elements. Since Friedenberys clinical application of Semi-invasive direct current stimulation to nonunion of medial malleolus of tibia, Brighton and Bassett made progress in this field with high success rate. In 1985, Non-invasive capacitive coupled electrical field was developed and used clinically by Brighton. We also developed a model of capacitive coupled electrical field system and made clinical application to nonunion of tibia with successful result.
Electric Stimulation ; Pseudarthrosis ; Tibia ; Tibial Fractures

The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone and the nonunion of the scaphoid has continued to represent a challenge to the surgeon who treats hand injuries. The are many treatment modalities and the technique of bone grafting described by Otto Russe in 1960, which is quite appropriately called the Matti-Russe procedure, has become a well-accepted method of treating nonunion of the scaphoid. And the results of this method has been presented by several authors. At the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, From May 1985 to September 1988, ten cases of the scaphoid nonunion had been treated by Matti-Russe procedure and followed up more than 1 year. Fracture healing was observed in all ten cases. Seven patients were totally free of pain both at rest and at excercise and three patients noted moderate pain at excercise. All patient were satisfied with the results of operation and none felt worse.
Bone Transplantation ; Carpal Bones ; Fracture Healing ; Hand Injuries ; Humans ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Seoul

PURPOSE: This study is to compare the medial longitudinal arch between heel pain group and normal painless group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heel pain group 242 feet and normal group 140 feet were evaluated through the radiographic images of standing foot-ankle lateral view. Four radiographic indices, talo-1stmetatarsal angle (TMA), calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle (CMA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), and arch ratio (AR), were used as well as BMI. RESULTS: There was no difference between heel pain group and normal group in the TMA, CMA, CPA, and AR. But in the BMI, heel pain group showed 1.7 kg/m2 (p=0.0002) higher than normal group. To eliminate the sexual error, male and female were evaluated separately. Male heel pain group showed 2.9 degrees more dorsiflexion (p=0.001) in the TMA, 3.1 degrees greater (p=0.007) in the CMA, 0.01 lower (p=0.028) in the AR, and 1.0 kg/m2 greater (p=0.033) in the BMI than normal male group. There were no difference in the CPA. Female heel pain group showed 3.6 degree greater (p=0.035) in the CMA, and 1.9 kg/m2 greater (p=0.002) in the BMI than normal female group. But other indices demonstrated no differences. CONCLUSION: talo-1stmetatarsal angle, calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle and arch ratio were radiographic indices related with heel pain.
Female ; Foot* ; Heel* ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones

PURPOSE: This study is to compare the medial longitudinal arch between heel pain group and normal painless group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heel pain group 242 feet and normal group 140 feet were evaluated through the radiographic images of standing foot-ankle lateral view. Four radiographic indices, talo-1stmetatarsal angle (TMA), calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle (CMA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), and arch ratio (AR), were used as well as BMI. RESULTS: There was no difference between heel pain group and normal group in the TMA, CMA, CPA, and AR. But in the BMI, heel pain group showed 1.7 kg/m2 (p=0.0002) higher than normal group. To eliminate the sexual error, male and female were evaluated separately. Male heel pain group showed 2.9 degrees more dorsiflexion (p=0.001) in the TMA, 3.1 degrees greater (p=0.007) in the CMA, 0.01 lower (p=0.028) in the AR, and 1.0 kg/m2 greater (p=0.033) in the BMI than normal male group. There were no difference in the CPA. Female heel pain group showed 3.6 degree greater (p=0.035) in the CMA, and 1.9 kg/m2 greater (p=0.002) in the BMI than normal female group. But other indices demonstrated no differences. CONCLUSION: talo-1stmetatarsal angle, calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle and arch ratio were radiographic indices related with heel pain.
Female ; Foot* ; Heel* ; Humans ; Male ; Metatarsal Bones