The demographic, psychological, social and disease characteristics were analyzed to find the sources of self-efficacy(the expectation about one's ability to engage in or execute in a behavior) in the 297 patients with rheumtoid arthritis. Except for religion and client's job, the demographic characteristics such as age. sex, partner's job, income, and educatioa] level were found to be significantly related to self-efficacy. In the group of older age, female, lower income, job with less prestige, and lower educational level, the self-efficacy was lower than the other group. Depression which measured as psychological characteristics was significantly related to self-efficacy. Social characteristics, such as social support and relationship with health professionals, were positively related to self-efficacy except for social network. Getting a high score in the area of relationship with health-professionals means that the giatients perceive that they can express themselves or decide on their own activities as much as they want. Among the disease characteristics, only disease cLlration was not significantly related to self-efficccy. The self-efficacy shows a tendency to decrease with time. Pain was negatively related to self-efficacy, Possible activity level was positively related to self -efficacy. To analyze the variables which affect self-efficacy, stepwise regressicn was implemented. As a re sult, about 42% of the self-efficacy were explained by possible activity leveI, depression, social support, and pain in that order. Based upon these results, it is recommended that the nurses who are in change of or maintain the behavior of patients wth rheumatoid arthritis consider the demographic characteristics such as age, sex, et al. Also programs which decrease the pain and depression and increase the social support and activity levels are recommended to be developed.
Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Depression ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Sociology

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Phototherapy*

Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Patients' concerns for reporting pain and taking analgesics are patient-related barriers to the management of cancer pain. Since such study has not been done at all in Korea, it is clearly needed to study on these problems. The purpose of data in order this study is to attain basic data in order to improve cancer pain management in Korea. This is done by: 1) examining the extent of patients' concerns that might be barriers to the optimal pam management, and the extent of related factors (pain management hesitancy, adequacy of using analgesics, pain severity and pain interference); 2) identifying the relationship between patients' concerns and the related factors. The data has been collected from 180 cancer patients who were hospitalized in medical wards of one university hospital in Seoul. Korea during the period from November 1. 1997 to February 28. 1998. The data has been collected through interviews with (1) Barriers Questionnaire Korean Version (BQ-K); (2) Hesitancy Experience Questionnaires (HQ); (3) Pain Management Index (PMI); (4) Brief Pain Inventory (BPI); and (5) Demographic Data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and by t-test. One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation using SPSSWlN program. The Results are as following: 1) The mean scores of Pain Management Concerns (PMC) by BQ-K were toward the moderate with a little high points(2.59). Most of the patients (99.4%) had some extent of concerns (over 1 out of maximum 5 points). Among the eight subscales of BQ-K. the Pain Management Concerns (PMC) about 'Fear of tolerance' was the highest (3.80) and 'Worry about side effects' was the least (1. 40). 2) The extent of Pain Management Hesitancy (PMH) by HQ of whom had pain on the day of the interview was a little higher than moderate score(5.53 out of maximum 10 points). 56.7% of the patients with experiencing pain used less adequate analgesics for the severity of pain than they were expected. 27.8% of them never used any analgesics at all. The mean score of pain severity by BPI was 16.59 (maximum: 40), and that of the interference with daily life by BPI was 32.03 (maximum: 70). 3) The patients who were older. less educated, and in low socio-economic status were likely to have more concerns. Pain Management Concerns (PMC) was positively correlated with Pain Management Hesitancy (PMH)(r=.75), pain severity (r= .44) and pain interference (r=.50). Those who were not using adequate analgesics had higher Pain Management Concerns (PMC) than did those who were using adequate analgesics (t=-5.42), The patients who had more Pain Management Concerns (PMC) tended to hesitate more to report pain and to use analgesics. They used more inadequate analgesics for the severity of pain and also had experienced more pain severity and interference with daily life. In conclusion, the patients' concerns for reporting pain and for using analgesics are major patient-related barriers to cancer pain management in Korea. The patients' concerns were correlated significantly with the level of the hesitancy experience, inadequate use of analgesics, the pain severity and the interference with daily life. Considering this, an educational program for cancer patients under the treatment with analgesics should be developed in order to solve these problems.
Analgesics ; Humans ; Korea ; Pain Management ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humans ; Intensive Care Units* ; Critical Care*

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of learned helplessness and self-care agency in dialysis patients and the relationship between learned helplessness and self-care agency. The subjects were 168 dialysis patients who were undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis from 1 university hospital, 1 hospital, 1 hemodialysis center in Seoul, 1 hospital in Incheon, Korea. The data were collected with two interview questionnaires which were Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS) and Self-as-Carer Inventory (SCI). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation with SPSSWIN program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The mean scores of learned helplessness were 45.93(range 20-80). The mean learned helplessness scores of peritoneal dialysis patient and hemodialysis (HD) patient were not different significantly. However by the aging process, the mean scores of learned helplessness has a tendency to get higher and who had a job were likely to low score of learned helplessness. 2) The mean scores of self-care agency were 142.48 (range 33-198). The mean self-care agency scores of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient much higher than the score of it with hemodialysis. The score of self-care agency were significantly different between peritoneal dialysis patient and hemodialysis patient. The patients who have job were likely to be higher score of self-care agency than other groups. 3) There was significant relationship between the score of learned helplessness and self-care agency. In conclusion, there was an inverse relationship between learned helplessness and self-care agency in dialysis patients. Considering this, the high level of learned helplessness of dialysis patients should be intervened by nurse with a well developed edicational program or cognitive behavioral therapy.
Aging ; Cognitive Therapy ; Dialysis* ; Helplessness, Learned* ; Humans ; Incheon ; Korea ; Peritoneal Dialysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Renal Dialysis ; Self Care* ; Seoul

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand and describe the essence and the structure of lived experience of liver transplant recipient. Five individual interviews were conducted to gather data regarding their subjective experiences. About 130 significant statements were extracted and these were clusterd into 9 themes. End stage liver disease patients chose their last treatment - liver transplantation. After liver transplantation. recipients experience vague anxiety and uneaseness related to much information and life style change that they had to accept. And they feared to lose their health again. But they felt free from medication and restriction of food. And they satisfied with regaining their physical status. Most of the recipients also had financial difficulties and social restrictions. And they experience uncertainty about their future. But they restored their previous social life. And they experience psychological wellbeing and hope. The results of this study might help nurses who work with liver transplant recipient in establishing and implementing an effective nursing intervention by understanding their lived experience.
Anxiety ; End Stage Liver Disease ; Hope ; Humans ; Life Style ; Liver Transplantation ; Liver* ; Nursing ; Transplantation* ; Uncertainty

PURPOSE: It was identified that how many homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers were depressed, and which factors affected the bedridden elderly's depression. METHOD: The subjects were 191 homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers. The affecting factors were classified into two categories: bedridden elderly and their primary caregiver related factors. Then bedridden elderly's factors were classified demographic and disease-related factors again. The stepwise regression was used to identify significant factors. RESULT: The prevalence of bedridden elderly's and caregiver's depression was 77.8% and 67.0%, respectively. And the model explained 33.3% of variance of bedridden elderly's depression. Cognitively-impaired female elderlies who had depressed caregivers were found to be more depressed. And caregivers who perceived burden were identified to be more depressed. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the health professionals need to identify bedridden elderlies and caregivers at risk of depression. Especially elderlies who is in poor cognition, those who are female, and those whose caregivers were depressed might be considered carefully in all counseling or follow-up. Also the primary caregivers must be helped to access already available formal and informal support.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Cognition ; Counseling ; Depression* ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the ADL and IADL of bed-ridden elderly. Also it is used to show fuctional status, and to investigate the content and the level of nursing services provided. METHOD: The subjects were 191 elderly who received visiting nurse service through public health centers in the Seoul Metopolitan and Chungnam Province. Data collection was conducted by public health center nurses during four months in 2000. Result: As for daily living activities, 100% of subjects had at least one difficulty in ADL and IADL. Among them, only 0.5% had moderate disabilities and 99.5% had severe disabilities by HFS, 27.9% were in a semi bed-ridden state and 72.1% were completely bed-ridden by JABC. The major service provided was a visiting nurse service which was preferable to the social welfare service. In the visiting nurse service, there was no significant difference according to the elderlys' functional status. In addition there was no standadization about the qualification of the visiting nurse, and single entry point for the nursing service. CONCLUSION: The researchers urgently suggest that a community based comprehensive service model has to be developed to respond to the needs of the elderly in Korea.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Korea ; Nurses, Community Health ; Nursing Services ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Social Welfare