In order to provide bases for the control of air pollutants in Korea, the author figured out the trend on the annual increase of air pollutants emitted in the process of combustions, and estimated the amounts of air pollutants of the future years from 1975 to 1981. 1) In 1973 the consumption rate of coal was 1.2 times of that of fuel oil. The consumption rate of them would be same in 1975 and 1977. However, the rate of fuel oil would exceed that of coal in 1979. In contrast with the rate in 1979. The one of coal would be increased faster and faster to show reverse trend of consumption in 1981. 2) The estimated amounts of air pollutants emissions in the years of 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979 and 1981 were 1,561,800, 1,921,700, 2,253,300, 20769,000, and 3,145,700 tons respectively. These indicated that the amount of air pollutants in 1981 would be about 2 times of that in 1973. 3) The amounts of sulfur oxides emissions in 1981 would be 2.3 times of that in 1973, nitrogen oxides 2.2 times, carbon monoxide 1.7 times, particulate 2.0 times and hydrocarbon 2.0 times. 4) The estimated amounts of air pollutants emissions per unit area(km) in the years of 1965, 1971, 1975 and 1980 were 5.2, 14.5, 19.5 and 28.7 tons respectively. These indicated that the amount of air pollutants emissions per unit area would increase 5.5 times in 1980 comparing the one in 1965.
Air Pollutants ; Carbon Monoxide ; Coal ; Fuel Oils ; Korea* ; Nitrogen Oxides ; Sulfur Oxides

No abstract available.
Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital*

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Humans* ; Interleukins*

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Humans* ; Interleukins*

PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship between patient safety culture and safety care activity, and identified factors for safety care activity of entry-level nurses. METHODS: The subjects of the study were 204 entry-level nurses working at five general and advanced hospitals with over 500 beds located in C and D City. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: Perception of patient safety culture had significant correlations with safety care activity. Multiple regression analysis showed that demographic variables of quality of nursing on patient safety and health state of entry-level nurses affected safety care activity. In addition, patient safety culture in ward and communication affected safety care activity. These factors explained 38% of variance. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, patient safety culture promotion strategies to facilitate supportive work environment and effective communication are needed.
Humans ; Patient Safety

Fractures of the ankle joint that involve the tibial plafond result from axial compression and rotational forces causing variable degrees of rnetaphyseal disruption, articular damage, and malleolar displacement. Management of these fractures has been described as difficult and often discouraging. Recommended treatments have included manipulation and cast application, calcaneal traction using pins in plaster or external fixators, vertical transarticular pin fixation, percutaneous pinning of large fragments and immobilization in a plaster cast, fibular stabilization alone, limited open reduction of so-called key fragments, immediate motion with the foot in traction, primary arthrodesis, and even immediate amputation. But, the best results of treatment reported for this fracture have followed early open reduction and rigid internal fixation to restore length, reconstruction of the plafond, primary cancellous bone grafting, tibial buttress plates, early motion, and prolonged non-weight-bearing. We reviewed 40 cases of tibial plafond fractures treated at the Department or Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, during 7 years from January 1980 to December, 1986. The longest duration of follow-up was 5 years and 4 months, the shortest one was 6 months, and the average was 2 years. The results were as follows: 1. Of the 40 cases, male were 32, female were 8. 2. The major causes of the injury of the ankle were fall down and traffic accident. 3. The tibial plafond fractures were classified into 5 types, according to the degree of displacement of the plafond, articular comminution, and metaphyseal disruption. Our cases were relatively in even distribution. 4. Regardless of the types of the fracture, better results were obtained by treatment with open reduction and rigid internal fixation than by any other ones. 5. Complications including superficial wound infection (4 cases), osteomylitis. (2 cases), delayed union (2 cases), non-union (2 cases) were observed. 6. This study suggest that the important variables that influenced the clinical result were the type of fracture, the method of treatment, and the quality of the reduction.
Accidents, Traffic ; Amputation ; Ankle ; Ankle Joint ; Arthrodesis ; Bone Transplantation ; Casts, Surgical ; Clinical Study ; External Fixators ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Methods ; Traction ; Wound Infection

No abstract available.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome*

During last 10 years we experienced 25 cases of C.N.S. cysticercosis. Now clinical analysis and evaluation of our cases were made and the results are followings; 1. Prevalence in man and women are nearly same and about 70% of cases are distributed between 20-50 years old. 2. According to Nieto's classification, mostly are ventricular (44%) and parenchymal type (36%). 3. Clinical manifestations were IICP (92%), focal neurological deficits (68%), seizure (48%), altered mental status (36%) and others listed on table 7. 4. In ventricular type, IICP and cerebellar dysfunction signs were predominated but seizure and focal neurological deficits were commonly seen in parenchymal type. 5. Subcutaneous cysticercus nodules were palpated in 32% of cases. 6. Positive stool ova was observed in 29% of cases. 7. Radiologic studies revealed as followings: 16% of cases showed abnormal findings on plain film, 84% on angiography, 94% on ventriculography and 100% on computed tomography and myelography. Computed tomography looks like most helpful diagnostic method for C.N.S. cysticercosis, they usually revealed lucent cystic lesion, hydrocephalic findings and contrast enhancement. 8. Suboccipital craniectomy, craniotomy with removal of parenchymal cyst or laminectomy were done according to location and types of lesion. 72% of operated cases revealed good results and mortality was 4% of cases.
Angiography ; Cerebellar Diseases ; Classification ; Craniotomy ; Cysticercosis* ; Cysticercus ; Female ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Methods ; Mortality ; Myelography ; Ovum ; Prevalence ; Seizures

No abstract available.
Humans ; Microcomputers* ; Stomach Neoplasms*