OBJECTIVES: Stigma of schizophrenic patient has a negative effect on the social adaptation of patients to return to society after proper treatment. This study showed the factors affecting the stigma recognized by schizophrenic patient and utilized them as the basic materials to overcome such stigma effectively. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Total number of subjects were 318, including 278 patients who receive treatment of schizophrenia in NaJu National Hospital and 40 patients of Chonam University Hospital. The evaluation instrument of the stigma refers to 'Wording of Items in the Stigma Scale' developed by Bruce Link, translated into Korean and revised into 20 items after getting through preliminary study. It was consisted of three subscales including secret, prejudice and devaluation. Authors examined the subjects' demographical characteristics, clinical variables and degree of depression through Beck Depression Inventory. Observed were the correlation between these factors and the degree of stigma to understand the factors affecting the degree of stigma. RESULTS: This study showed that there was a significant differences in the degree of stigma according to occupation, degree of family support felt by patients, frequency of family visits and level of depression. In the degree of stigma according to occupation, students, farmers and the unemployee showed relatively higher stigma than professional technicians, especially in devaluation scale. The degree of family support felt by patients and frequency of family visits were reversely correlated with the degree of stigma. The level of depression was correlated with the degree of stigma. There is no significant difference in the degree of the whole stigma, but there is a significant difference in subscales according to the experiences of participation in disease education and treatment in hospitals. Patients who received no psychoeducation showed high scores in secret scale and patients of NaJu National Hospital had higher prejudice than patients of Chonam University Hospital. Such factors as sex, age, education, marital status, religion, residence, family economic status, frequency of hospitalization, experience of open ward, recent regular treatment and duration of illness did not show significant correlations with the degree of stigma. CONCLUSIONS: It is found that family support, regular occupation and frequent patient visits can be factors decreasing the stigma. Psychoeducation about mental illness is related to the reducing the tendency to hide the disease. In addition, coping with derpession can be helpful to reduce the stigma of patients and effective social adaptation.
Depression ; Education ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Marital Status ; Occupations ; Prejudice ; Schizophrenia

The following conclusions deduced from the data of upper limbs injured persons 966 (total: 2,294) who visited first aid center located in ski resort in Kangwon province during every winter season from 2004 to 2008. The researcher themselves looked into the data accumulated and organized with respect to frequent types, and frequent parts of upper limbs injury. The most frequently injured body parts found from this investigation were upper limbs (42.1%), trunk region (30.7%), lower limbs (27.2%) in order. The injury of upper limbs (42.1%, n=966) was the most frequently cited snowboard injury. Among the patients of upper limbs injury, the male comprised of 23.9% (n=549) and female comprised 18.2% (n=417). The common parts of injuries were hands (50.3%, n=486) and shoulder (17.6%, n=170). the general types of injury of hands were fracture (15.4%, n=149), sprain and ligament injury (13.0%, n=126), dislocation (12.5%, n=121), contusion (7.9%, n=76), laceration (1.4%, n=14) in order.
Contusions ; Dislocations ; Female ; First Aid ; Hand ; Health Resorts ; Human Body ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Ligaments ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Seasons ; Shoulder ; Skiing ; Sprains and Strains ; Upper Extremity

Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism is a disorder of sexual differentiation in which patient with bilateral dysgenetic tests, persistent Mullerian structures, cryptorchidism and inadequate virilization. We experienced one case of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism with 45,XO/46,XY mosaicism and hypothalamic dysfunction, so we reports this case with a brief review of the literatures.
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development* ; Cryptorchidism ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Humans ; Male* ; Mosaicism ; Sex Differentiation ; Virilism

Clonidine, an a2-adrenergic agonist, has sedative and analgesic properties and reduces the inhalation anesthetic requirement and modifies the hemodynamic responses to surgery. But occasionally, severe bradycardia and hypotensian during inhalation anesthesia develops following oral clonidine premedication. To predict intraoperative hemodynamic changes during enflurane anesthesia, author evaluated noninvasive autonomic tests consisted of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), Valsalva's maneuver (VSV), R-R interval difference in head up tilt (HTR) and diastolic blood pressure difference in head up tilt (HTP) in fifty-one patients (ASA physical status I~II ) scheduled for elective surgery. Patients were received 5 ug/kg of oral clonidine at 90 min before operation. Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane, oxygen (2 liter/min) and nitrous oxide (2 liter /min). The enflurane concentration was controlled to maintain blood pressure within +/-20% of preinduction value. After anesthesia, patients were allocated to two groups according to above and below 0.5 MAC (0.84 vo1%) enflurane concentration. Each preoperative autonomic test results revealed significant correlation with heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and enflurane concentration (EC), respectively (p<0.05). Values of RSA, HTR, HTP, MAP and HH wm 81+/-14.4 ms, 76+/-43.5 ms, -6+/-5.2 mmHg, 76+6.4 mmHg and 63+/-5.5 beats/min, respectively in below 0.5 MAC enflurane concentration group and were significantly different from values of RSA; 16933.7 ms, HTR; 175+/-41.7 ms, HTP; 6+/-3.1 mmHg, MAP; 90+/-11.0 mmHg and HR; 76+/-7.6 beats/min in above 0.5 MAC enflurane concen- tration group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the simple noninvasive autonomic tests are recommended in prediction of intra-operative hemodynamic changes during enflurane anesthesia when oral clonidine premedication is indicated.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Arrhythmia, Sinus ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Clonidine* ; Enflurane* ; Head ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Premedication ; Valsalva Maneuver

Clonidine, an a2-adrenergic agonist, has sedative and analgesic properties and reduces the inhalation anesthetic requirement and modifies the hemodynamic responses to surgery. But occasionally, severe bradycardia and hypotensian during inhalation anesthesia develops following oral clonidine premedication. To predict intraoperative hemodynamic changes during enflurane anesthesia, author evaluated noninvasive autonomic tests consisted of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), Valsalva's maneuver (VSV), R-R interval difference in head up tilt (HTR) and diastolic blood pressure difference in head up tilt (HTP) in fifty-one patients (ASA physical status I~II ) scheduled for elective surgery. Patients were received 5 ug/kg of oral clonidine at 90 min before operation. Anesthesia was maintained with enflurane, oxygen (2 liter/min) and nitrous oxide (2 liter /min). The enflurane concentration was controlled to maintain blood pressure within +/-20% of preinduction value. After anesthesia, patients were allocated to two groups according to above and below 0.5 MAC (0.84 vo1%) enflurane concentration. Each preoperative autonomic test results revealed significant correlation with heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and enflurane concentration (EC), respectively (p<0.05). Values of RSA, HTR, HTP, MAP and HH wm 81+/-14.4 ms, 76+/-43.5 ms, -6+/-5.2 mmHg, 76+6.4 mmHg and 63+/-5.5 beats/min, respectively in below 0.5 MAC enflurane concentration group and were significantly different from values of RSA; 16933.7 ms, HTR; 175+/-41.7 ms, HTP; 6+/-3.1 mmHg, MAP; 90+/-11.0 mmHg and HR; 76+/-7.6 beats/min in above 0.5 MAC enflurane concen- tration group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the simple noninvasive autonomic tests are recommended in prediction of intra-operative hemodynamic changes during enflurane anesthesia when oral clonidine premedication is indicated.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Arrhythmia, Sinus ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia ; Clonidine* ; Enflurane* ; Head ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Premedication ; Valsalva Maneuver

A series of 57 infants and children presenting with palpable abdominal masses which performed surgery from Jan. 1. 1972 to Dec. 31. 1978 has been reviewed. Masses such as distended bladder, abdominal distension, intussusception, intestinal obstruction, abscess, hematoma, as well as hepatospleaomegaly which not performed a surgical operation, were not included. There were 29 children with non-urological conditions, and 28 with urological lesions. The study was limited to the latter group. The groupings by age at presentation and type of urologic lesion enable us to make certain genera statements. About one-half of surgical abdominal masses were of urologic origin, and about one-third were renal origin. Since legions of renal origin are the predominant cause of abdominal masses in infants and children, an I. V. P. and other urological examination should be obtained as soon as possible on all children patients with abdominal masses.
Abscess ; Child* ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Infant* ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Intussusception ; Urinary Bladder

Cushing's syndrome refers to a clinical pictures that develops in a patient who are exposed to excess quantities of cortisol like substances. A case of Cushing's syndrome in 62-year-old man who was followed by a Nelson's syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy is presented with brief review of literatures.
Adrenalectomy ; Cushing Syndrome* ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Middle Aged

Norfloxacin is a new broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram. negative bacteria. After oral administration of Norfloxacin, it produces high concentrations in the urine, so it has the excellent effect for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Norfloxacin was studied with respect to clinical effect in 115 patients with the urinary tract infection and the following results were obtained. 1. Excellent efficacy was 53% and efficacy rate was 90% in upper urinary tract infection(UTI). Efficacy rate for 20 patients with upper UTI without the underlying disease was 100%, and in 29 patients with underlying disease efficacy rate was 83%. 2. In upper UTI resistant for other antibiotics, efficacy rate was 78%. 3. In lower UTI excellent efficacy rate was 36% and efficacy rate was 71%. In gonococcal urethritis excellent efficacy rate was 76% and efficacy rate was 88%. 4. Eliminated rate of bacteria on culture findings were E. coli 93%, pseudononas 89%, proteus 100%, klebsiella 80%, gonococcus 88% and staphylococcus 80%. 5. Mild side effects such as epigastric pain, nausea, dizziness and itching sensation were seen in 5 cases. We consider Neutam-400 is one of the most effective agents in urinary tract infection.
Administration, Oral ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Dizziness ; Humans ; Klebsiella ; Nausea ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae ; Norfloxacin ; Proteus ; Pruritus ; Sensation ; Staphylococcus ; Urethritis ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

We report a case of left adrenal pheochromocytoma in 17-year-old girl, we observed all of vital sign were returned to normal in 19-th postoperative day
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Pheochromocytoma* ; Vital Signs

No abstract available.
Aneurysm, False* ; Carotid Artery, Internal* ; Epistaxis*