This study aims at analyzing the articulator of human body and its composition using the Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI, 0.5 Telsa). The MRI images were photographed for 1cm per every cm of human body using TR 600ms and TE 20ms spin-echo sequence. For this test, 6 healthy male subjects were sampled. The subject's heights and weights were measured before photographing and then their entire bodies were photographed in the MRI whole body scanner which has a 56cm diameter. It took 90~120 minutes to scan every subject's body during scanning the subjects were allowed to put their both hand beside their femurs. According to his height, each subject were photographed for 180~200 MR slices and every image was analyzed on the tracing paper via X-ray reading View Box. Then, the traced images were all volumized through computer scanner and CAD program, and thereupon, each volume was multiplied by its density coefficient. The results of study can be summarized as follows ; The mass of the bones occupied 8.41±0.62kg, which accounted for 11% of the body mass. The femurs accounted for 19.73±2.73% of the bone mass in terms of bodily articulation. The muscle occupied 39.70±5.28kg which accounted for 51.28±8.98% of the body mass. The part which has the richest muscle mass was femur which accounted for 33.93±5.58% of entire muscle mass. The fat accounted for 24.61±11.6% of the body mass, among which the back waist including inside intestinal fat occupied 30.66±3.64%. It was suggested through this study that MRI analysis is the most suitable method to evaluate the composition of human body and that the data acquired through MRI analysis may apply as references to other indirect or estimated evaluation of human body.
Body Composition* ; Dental Articulators ; Femur ; Hand ; Human Body ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Methods ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Aged* ; Bone Density* ; Female ; Femur* ; Humans ; Resistance Training* ; Thigh*

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in a postmenopausal women has affected by a long-term swimming exercise. Swimming exercised 9 female and non-exercised 13 female were involved in this study. All of them were accepted by selection criteria through a questionnaire and personal interviews. Experimental group performed regularly swimming exercise while over a 8 year, but control group never taken part in any activities periodically. Bone densities were measured at Lumbar 2-4 and Femur's 3 sites (neck, ward's triangle, and trochanter) with DEXA method (Lunar DPX). There are no significant differences between two groups on the ages, body weights, heights, % fats, and menopausal durations. Bone densities on the neck and ward's triangle of Femur were 1.7% and 2.7% higher in the control group than in the swimming group, not significant between two groups. In the case of Femur trochanter and Lumbar 2-4 sites, swimming group however were nonsignificantly higher 2% and 5.3% than control group, respectively. In conclusion, it was recognized that a long-term swimming exercise may be ineffective to intensify local density, stiffly lowering in a postmenopausal women.
Body Weight ; Bone Density* ; Bone Remodeling ; Fats ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Methods ; Neck ; Osteoporosis ; Patient Selection ; Postmenopause ; Swimming

Cavernous transformation of the portal vein that is resulted as a collateral vessel formation from a portal hypoplasia is very rarely to be observed in human being. Such an abnormal transformation can be caused by congenital defect of vein formation in the early embryonal development or congenital hematologic hypercoagulability which gives rise to the cavernous development of cavernous collateral branches. Acute thrombosis of portal vein can also be the cause of acquired cavernous transformation. In most cases it extends into the parenchyme of liver, and often has porto-systemic shunt (with left gastropiploic vein and varices around spleen) or porto-portal shunt (with varices around gallbladder). A 48 years old male patient underwent splenectomy at the age of 24 owing to splenomegaly. He had liver cirrhosis without hepatitis and alcohol history. Intrahepatic stone in left lateral lobe of liver was diagnosed in the course of medical treatment. The cavernous transformation of portal vein with right lobe hypoplasia was confrimed during the operation.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Portal Vein* ; Splenectomy ; Splenomegaly ; Thrombophilia ; Thrombosis ; Varicose Veins ; Veins

PURPOSE: A few studies have been reported on extrahepatic metastasis after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the patterns of extrahepatic recurrence and we identified the risk factors for extrahepatic recurrence after curative resection for HCC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 587 patients who underwent surgical resection with a curative aim from January 1998 to December 2007 in the Yonsei University Health Care System. Among the 571 patients, 291 (51.0%) patients developed recurrence. Sixty five patients initially presented with extrahaptic recurrence. The patients with extrahepatic recurrence were divided into Group A (peritoneal recurrence) and Group B (non-peritoneal extrahepatic recurrence). RESULTS: Group A had higher rates of intraoperative bleeding>1,500 ml and perioperative transfusion too. On the multivariate analysis, perioperative transfusion, satellite nodule and the tumor size were the independent risk factors for Group A. The Edmondson-Steiner grade, satellite nodule and the tumor size were the independent risk factors for Group B. The 1, 3 and 5-year overall survival rates after curative resection for the patients with extrahepatic recurence were 83.1%, 48.9% and 27.4%, respectively. The recurrence patterns and treatment modalities did not affect the overall survival after treatment for extrahepatic recurrence. CONCLUSION: A perioperative transfusion was found to be a different risk factor for peritoneal recurrence, as compared to those risk factors for non-peritoneal extrahepatic recurrence. Therefore, efforts by physicians to decrease intraoperative bleeding may prevent peritoneal recurrence after performing curative resection for HCC.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate

We present our surgical experiences with functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas to define its natural history, and to suggest its proper management. From June 1990 to June 2005, patients with diagnosis of functioning neuroendocrine (islet cell) neoplasms of the pancreas were retrospectively reviewed. Fourteen patients (5 men and 9 women) with a median age of 49 years (range, 12 - 68 years) were identified. Twelve patients (86%) had insulinoma, two (14%) had gastrinoma. One (7%) with pancreatic insulinoma was multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Intraoperative ultrasound scan (sensitivity, 83%) was the most powerful modality for tumor localization. Fifteen neoplasms with median tumor size 1 cm (range 0-3 cm) were resected. Four insulinomas (26.7%) were located in the head of the pancreas and 5 (36%), in the tail. Another 5 (36%) insulinomas and 1 (7%) gastrinoma were located around the neck area near the SMV or PV. Eleven patients (79%) underwent enucleation, and 2 patients (14%), distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. 100% of patients with functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas have survived. The overall disease free 10-year survival was found to be about 81%. Exact localization of tumor by intraoperative ultrasound and surgical removal are promising for good prognosis.
Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Postoperative Complications ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Insulinoma/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Humans ; Gastrinoma/surgery/ultrasonography ; Female ; Child ; Aged ; Adult ; Adolescent

We present our surgical experiences with functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas to define its natural history, and to suggest its proper management. From June 1990 to June 2005, patients with diagnosis of functioning neuroendocrine (islet cell) neoplasms of the pancreas were retrospectively reviewed. Fourteen patients (5 men and 9 women) with a median age of 49 years (range, 12 - 68 years) were identified. Twelve patients (86%) had insulinoma, two (14%) had gastrinoma. One (7%) with pancreatic insulinoma was multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Intraoperative ultrasound scan (sensitivity, 83%) was the most powerful modality for tumor localization. Fifteen neoplasms with median tumor size 1 cm (range 0-3 cm) were resected. Four insulinomas (26.7%) were located in the head of the pancreas and 5 (36%), in the tail. Another 5 (36%) insulinomas and 1 (7%) gastrinoma were located around the neck area near the SMV or PV. Eleven patients (79%) underwent enucleation, and 2 patients (14%), distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. 100% of patients with functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreas have survived. The overall disease free 10-year survival was found to be about 81%. Exact localization of tumor by intraoperative ultrasound and surgical removal are promising for good prognosis.
Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Postoperative Complications ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Insulinoma/*surgery/ultrasonography ; Humans ; Gastrinoma/surgery/ultrasonography ; Female ; Child ; Aged ; Adult ; Adolescent

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to explore the individual traits needed for the successful performance of a doctor's duties as well as to establish primary criteria for the Medical Education Eligibility Test. METHODS: This study conducted qualitatively by interviewing 43 persons: medical school professors, residents, and medical reporters. The analysis of data were applied a content analysis. RESULTS: 1) The important intelligent abilities revealed were problem solving, verbal expression, and memory. 2) The personality traits included sincerity, sociability, respectability, gentleness, and reflective thinking. 3) The biology, chemistry, and physics were important in the natural science background knowledge, and 4) linguistics, philosophy, and social science were important in human and social science background knowledge. CONCLUSION: The medical aptitude could be constructed intelligent ability, personality trits, and background knowledges, and include specific aspects depended on Korean context.
Aptitude* ; Biology ; Chemistry ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Linguistics ; Memory ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Philosophy ; Problem Solving ; Schools, Medical ; Social Sciences ; Thinking

PURPOSE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has the highest incidence between the ages of 60 and 70 years. As the elderly population has been increasing in the last several decades, the proportion of patients older than 70 years of age with resectable pancreatic cancer is expected to increase in our society. This retrospective observation was performed to evaluate surgical value of pancreaticoduodenectomy for the elderly patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1990 to June 2005, among the patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the elder patients older than 70 years of age were retrospectively reviewed. Perioperative surgical outcomes, including general clinicopathologic features, morbidity, mortality, and survival outcomes, were investigated based on available medical records. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients underwent pancreaticoduodenenctomy (PD) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Among them, 11 patients (14.3%) were 70 years older. More frequent incidences of morbidity (8 out of 11 vs. 25 out of 65, p=0.049), especially delayed gastric emptying (3 out of 8 vs. 3 out of 66, p=0.035), were observed and overall length of hospital stay was also longer in the elderly (49.2 +/- 13.9 days vs. 36.1 +/- 13.2, p=0.012). However, no significant differences in mortality rate and survival outcomes were noted when comparing with those of the younger patients (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We agree with the opinion that age factor can not be absolute contraindication for pancreaticoduodenectomy, however, appropriate preoperative evaluations, proper patient selection considering life expectancy, advanced surgical techniques and detailed perioperative management are mandatory to guarantee the safety of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed in the elderly with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology/*surgery ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy/*methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSE: Hepatic resection is the standard treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In some patients with multiple HCC, one-block resection is not feasible due to either the tumor location or the underlying liver function. In this study, we attempted to compare the outcomes of multiple - site resection or combined resection and radiofrequency ablation with those of one-block resection in patients with multiple HCC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 507 patients who underwent surgical resection. Among 507 patients who received surgical treatment with potentially curative aim from January 1996 to August 2006 in Yonsei University Health System, 58 patients had a radiologically detected multiple HCC. Patients with multiple HCC were divided into: group A, patients treated with one-block resection (n=40) and group B, patients with multiple-site resection or combined resection and RFA (n=18). RESULTS: The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates for patients with single and multiple HCC were 90.2%, 76.2% and 66.7% and 82.7%, 61.4% and 37.9%, respectively (p<0.001). In group B, 6 patients received multiple-site resection and 12 patients underwent combined resection and RFA. The clinicopathological variables were not significantly different between the two groups except the distribution of multiple tumors. The postoperative complication rates for group A and B were 32.5% and 33.3%, respectively. The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates for group A and B were 53.0%, 27.6% and 24.1% and 18.3%, 24.1% and 18.3%, respectively (p=0.386). The overall survival rates were also not significantly different between the two group (80.0%, 59.6%, and 36.9% for group A and 88.9%, 65.7% and 39.4% for group B, p=0.528). The multivariate analysis revealed that Edmondsons-Steiner grade (III-IV) and Indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG R15) > 10% were adverse prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: Active treatments including multiple-site resection and combined resection and RFA showed similar treatment outcomes compared with one-block resection in patients with multiple HCC.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Liver ; Multivariate Analysis ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis ; Retention (Psychology) ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate