PURPOSE: This study was conducted to establish the production conditions through optimization of the production process of beverages using Aspergillus oryzae CF1001, and to analyze volatile compounds and antidiabetic activity. METHODS: The optimum condition was selected using the response surface methodology (RSM), through a regression analysis with the following independent variables gelatinization temperature (GT, X1), saccharogenic time (ST, X2), and dependent variable; DeltaE value (y). The condition with the lowest DeltaE value occurred with combined 45 min ST and 50degrees C GT. The volatile compounds were analyzed quantitatively by GC-MS. RESULTS: Assessment of antidiabetic activity of saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) was determined by measurement of alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity, and glucose uptake activity and glucose metabolic protein expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Results of volatile compounds analysis, 62 kinds of volatile compounds were detected in SMGB. Palmitic acid (9.534% ratio), benzaldehyde (8.948% ratio), benzyl ethyl ether (8.792% ratio), ethyl alcohol (8.35% ratio), and 2-amyl furan (4.826% ratio) were abundant in SMGB. We confirmed that alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity, glucose uptake activity, and glucose-metabolic proteins were upregulated by SMGB treatment with concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) showed potential antidiabetic activity. Further studies will be needed in order to improve the taste and functionality of SMGB.
alpha-Glucosidases ; Aspergillus oryzae ; Beverages* ; Blotting, Western ; Edible Grain* ; Ethanol ; Ether ; Gelatin ; Glucose ; Palmitic Acid ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to improve transportation and distribution of mass-casualty patients by reviewing the subway fire that occurred in Daegu on 18 February 2003. METHODS: We used the reports of the Daegu Emergency Medical Information Center and the medical records of each hospital to analyze retrospectively 199 patients who were transported to 22 initial receiving hospitals. We evaluated the appropriateness of transportation based on the distances of transportation, the capability of the receiving hospitals, and the severity of patients. Using the SAS program(version 6.12), the collected data was analyzed by frequency and x(2) test. RESULTS: The more severe the patients were, the nearer and larger the receiving hospitals were. There was no accurate triage at the scene, but the distribution of patients was good because members of Daegu Emergency Medical Information Center were dispatched to the scene and because communications between the scene and receiving hospitals were continuous. CONCLUSION: We do not expect disasters, but they happen. All we can do is plan and prepare appropriate responses for disasters. Appropriate transportation and distribution of patients based on triage is an important aspect of early disaster response.
Daegu* ; Disasters ; Emergencies ; Fires* ; Humans ; Information Centers ; Medical Records ; Railroads* ; Retrospective Studies ; Transportation* ; Triage