The chemical components of the essential oil obtained from Chrysanthemum indicum L. were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three compounds accounting for 96.65% of the extracted essential oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were alpha-pinene (4.4%), 1,8-cineole (10.4%), alpha-thujone (6.05%), camphor (10.12%), terpinen-4-ol (3.4%), bornyl acetate (6.1%), borneol (3.6%), cis-chrysanthenol (3.4%), beta-caryophyllene (5.1%), germacrene D (10.6%), and alpha-cadinol (3.0%). The essential oil of C. indicum exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against all oral bacteria tested (MICs, 0.1 to 1.6 mg/ml; MBCs, 0.2 to 3.2 mg/ml) than their major compounds. Furthermore, the MICs/MBCs were reduced to one half ~ one sixteenth as a result of the combinations included the essential oil with ampicillin or gentamicin for all oral bacteria. A strong bactericidal effect was exerted in drug combinations. The in vitro data suggest that the essential oil of C. indicum with other antibiotics may be microbiologically beneficial and synergistic.
Accounting ; Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bornanes ; Camphor ; Chrysanthemum ; Cyclohexanols ; Drug Combinations ; Gentamicins ; Monoterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane ; Terpenes

OBJECTIVETo analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from six cultivars' Juhua (Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju) produced in Anhui province of China, which were breed from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and to provide scientific basis for quality control.

METHODThe essential oils of the six cultivars'Juhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS.

RESULTFrom Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju, 247, 226, 246, 182, 216 and 122 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 75, 54, 78, 50, 53 and 43 components were identified,which were composed of 85.67%, 82.80%, 81.38%, 73.22%, 71.51% and 72.87% of the total essential oil, respectively.

CONCLUSIONMonoterpenoid compounds were higher more than sesquiterpenoid compounds in the five juhua except for Chuju. There was no difference in the constituents of essential oil of Zaogongju and Wangongju. And verbenyl acetate was the main chemical constituent and composed of 32.10% and 37.85% of the total essential oil, respectively. (1R)-Camphor and bisabolol oxide A were the main chemical constituents in Huangyaoju, which were composed of 28.70% and 12.58% of the total essential oil, respectively. beta-Selinene and borneol were the main chemical constituents in Chuju, which were composed of 17.85% and 12.84% of the total essential oil, respectively. Eucalyptol was the main chemical constituent in Xiaoboju, which were composed of 21.33%. Verbene oxides and chrysanthenone were composed of 25.32% and 8.26% of the total essential oil, respectively, in the Daboju. The common chemical constituents were camphene, borneol, bornyl aceate, (1R)-camphor, (-)-4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, eucalyptol, cis-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, juniper camphor, beta-sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and beta-farnesene in the six cultivars' Juhua produced in Anhui province of China. The resultant data provided the further evidences to distinguish Juhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Juhua.

Boranes ; chemistry ; Bornanes ; chemistry ; Camphor ; chemistry ; China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Cyclohexanols ; chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Monoterpenes ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; chemistry ; Terpenes ; chemistry ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Gentiana veitchiorum.

METHODThe chemical constituents were isolated by chromatography and identified by spectral data.

RESULTFive glycosides, loganic acid (1), gentiopicroside (2), isoorientin 3'-methyl ether (3), isovitexin (4), isoorientin (5) were isolated and identified.

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Apigenin ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Gentiana ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; Iridoid Glucosides ; Iridoids ; chemistry

Chemical investigation on the constituents of the ethyl acetate soluble extraction of Litsea cubeba has resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of thirty compounds, including one sesquiterpene(1), four monoterpenes(2-5), two γ-butyrolactone derivatives(6 and 7), seven tyramine derivatives(8-14), fifteen aromatic compounds(15-29), and one pyrone derivative(30) via various chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic data analysis(MS, IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR). Compounds 1-7, 13 and 14 were obtained from the genus Litsea for the first time.
Acetates ; Litsea ; Monoterpenes ; Sesquiterpenes

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of paeoniflorin and menthol on the physiological function of Calu-3 cell membrane during the transport of puerarin. Calu-3 cell was used as the cell model to simulate nasal mucosa tissues, and the cell membrane fluidity, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Ca²⁺-ATPase activity were detected by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(FRAP) and ultramicro enzyme activity testing, in order to explore the mechanism of compatible drugs on promoting puerarin transport. The results showed that when puerarin associated with low, middle and high concentration of menthol or both paeoniflorin and menthol, the fluorescence recovery rate was increased significantly, while Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity had no significant change and Ca²⁺-ATPase activity was enhanced significantly as compared with puerarin alone. Therefore, it was concluded that menthol had the abilit of promoting the transport and the mechanism might be related to increasing membrane fluidity and activating Ca²⁺-ATPase.
Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Membrane ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Humans ; Isoflavones ; metabolism ; Membrane Fluidity ; Menthol ; chemistry ; Monoterpenes ; chemistry ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo establish a quantitative method of determination of carvacrol and thymol in Mosla chinensis.

METHODThe sample was extracted with 95% ethanol, ODS column was used with methanol-water-acetic acid (60:40:2) as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was set at 274 nm.

RESULTThe linearities of carvacrol and thymol were respectively in the range of 0.23-2.15 microg (r = 0.9999) and 0.39-2.36 microg (r = 0.9999); the average recoveries were 99.9% (RSD 1.4%) and 98.6% (RSD 1.3%); the RSD of repeatability were 1.1% and 1.6%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is reliable, and can be used for quality control of M. chinensis.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Lamiaceae ; chemistry ; Monoterpenes ; analysis ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Thymol ; analysis

To obtain the optimal preparation technology of Fang-bing nasal inhalant from components of traditional Chinese medicine by central composite design, with an apparatus containing nasal inhalant that simulated the expiration and inspiration of nose, the dissolution in vitro of different optimized inhalant samples designed through central composite design were investigated. The accumulative release of linalool, borneol, menthol was detected with GC. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of preparation technology by establishing multiple linear regression and second-order quadratic models. Then, deviation was carried out through comparing the observed and predicted values. It was showed that the coefficient of correlation of second-order quadratic model was high. The related coefficient reached 0.999 3, 0.998 0, 0.944 9, separately. The optimum conditions of preparation technology were as following: 84.39% of alcohol concentration, the weight of starch 1.45 g and the weight of carmellose sodium (CMC-Na for short) 1.22 g. The deviations between observed and predicated values showed -0.36%, 1.52%, 2.40%, separately. In this experiment, the established model can describe the good relation between factors and indexes from preparation technology of Fang-bing nasal inhalant and the outcome of prediction is well. This optimal Fang-bing nasal inhalant was used to study its in vivo effect on model rats deprived from sleep and showed sedative and sleep aiding, which will bring an instruction on inhalants of components from traditional Chinese medicine.
Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Bornanes ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Male ; Menthol ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Monoterpenes ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sleep ; drug effects ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of bicyclo-monoterpene promoters (i.e., borneol and camphor) on the in vitro permeation of ligustrazine (LGT) through the hairless porcine dorsal skin. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transdermal delivery kinetics in vitro were performed to investigate the effect of the promoters on the biophysical changes to the stratum corneum (SC), the surface changes to porcine skin and the in vitro percutaneous fluxes of ligustrazine through procine skin. FT-IR results revealed that the peak shift and the decrease in the peak area with borneol were higher than those with camphor. SEM studies demonstrated that the morphological change to SC was related to the chosen enhancer. It was observed that the SC lipid extraction with borneol and camphor led to disruption of the SC and the scutella desquamation. Apparent density (AD) was utilized to describe the desquamation extent of the scutella. Percutaneous fluxes of ligustrazine through porcine skin were evaluated in vitro by the Franz-type diffusion cells. Use of borneol led to greater penetration of ligustrazine across porcine skin. It was shown that the permeation enhancement mechanism of bicyclo-monoterpenes to ligustrazine included extracting and disordering lipids which involved the shift changes in C-H stretching and H-bonding action between enhancers and cermaide. The penetration capability of the hydroxy groups in bicyclo-monoterpenes was better than that of the ketone groups.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Bornanes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Camphor ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Drug Carriers ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Monoterpenes ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pyrazines ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Skin ; drug effects ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Swine ; Vasodilator Agents ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics

AIMTo study the chemical constituents from Clerodendron bungei Steud.

METHODSThe compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and identified by their physicochemical properties and spectral data.

RESULTSTen phenylethanoid glycosides were isolated and identified as clerodendronoside (1), acteoside (2), isoacteoside (3), cistanoside C (4), jionoside C (5), leucosceptoside A (6), cistanoside D (7), campneoside I (8), campneoside II (9), cistanoside F (10).

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 is a new phenylethanoid glycoside, while compounds 4-10 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Catechols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Clerodendrum ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Iridoid Glycosides ; Iridoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Phenols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Five monoterpenoid compounds(1-5) were isolated and purified from the acetone fraction of the aqueous extract of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens by MCI, Sephadex LH-20, silica gel, semi-preparative HPLC, and TLC. Their structures were identified with multiple spectroscopical methods including 1 D-NMR, 2 D-NMR, and MS. The five compounds were identified as(2E,6Z)-8-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl-(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acrylate(1),(2E,6E)-8-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-die-noic acid(2),(E)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid(3), linalyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), and β-D-glucopyranoside-(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-yl(5), respectively.Compound 1 was a new monoterpene ester, and compounds 4-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Esters ; Monoterpenes ; Rhizome