Immune and hemopoiesis are one of basic project of experimental hematology. Immune function is a essential activity of white blood cells. It was puzzled for the diversity and complexity of immune response. Polarized immune response of immune cells was discovered 30 years ago, which facilitates the study on differentiation of lymphocyte. Recently recognition on multifunctional polarized immune response of lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage would promote to elucidate the regulatory network of immune cells, diversity and complexity of immune response as well as the study on hemopoiesis. In this paper the approach of multifunctional polarized immune response of lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage and dendritic cells were reviewed, and their role, especially in cytokine storm and tumor pro-inflammation condition were discussed.
Cell Differentiation ; Cytokines ; immunology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Humans ; Monocytes ; cytology ; immunology

Dendritic cells (DCs) are important immune cells linking innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs encounter various self and non-self antigens present in the environment and induce different types of antigen specific adaptive immune responses. DCs can be classified into lymphoid tissue-resident DCs, migratory DCs, non-lymphoid resident DCs, and monocyte derived DCs (moDCs). Recent work has also established that DCs consist of developmentally and functionally distinct subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte function. The development of different DC subsets has been found to be regulated by a network of different cytokines and transcriptional factors. Moreover, the response of DC is tightly regulated to maintain the homeostasis of immune system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of cellular regulators that modulate gene expression and thereby influence cell fate and function. In the immune system, miRNAs act at checkpoints during hematopoietic development and cell subset differentiation, they modulate effector cell function, and are implicated in the maintenance of homeostasis. DCs are also regulated by miRNAs. In the past decade, much progress has been made to understand the role of miRNAs in regulating the development and function of DCs. In this review, we summarize the origin and distribution of different mouse DC subsets in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. The DC subsets identified in human are also described. Recent progress on the function of miRNAs in the development and activation of DCs and their functional relevance to autoimmune diseases are discussed.
Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases ; immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; immunology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology

The main aim of this study was to investigate the biological activities and immune modulation changes of chorionic villi mesenchymal stem cells (CV-MSC) after long term culture. The morphology of the CV-MSC of passage 3 and passage 9 were observed by microscopy, and their phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry. CV-MSC of passage 3 and 9 were co-cultured with PHA-stimulated PBMNC, and IFN-γ concentration in culture medium was detected by ELISA. The mRNA expression of COX-2, HGF and HLA-G in CV-MSC were detected by real-time PCR. The results showed that after long term culture, the CV-MSC kept the MSC morphology and most of the phenotypes including CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD62L, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD117, CD151, CD235a, CD271 and HLA-DR, while the CD49d was significantly up-regulated. Immune modulation ability of CV-MSC was reduced and the mRNA expression of COX-2 and HGF was down regulated after long term culture, but the expression of HLA-G did not found to be obvious change. It is concluded that the long term in vitro expansion changes the expression of CD49d and reduces immune modulation of CV-MSC.
Cells, Cultured ; Chorionic Villi ; immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Integrin alpha4 ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; Placenta ; cytology ; Pregnancy

The aim of this study was to investigate whether exosomes derived from K562 cells and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with total RNA of K562 cells are capable of inducing antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses in vitro. DCs were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) of healthy volunteers in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, and then were transfected with K562 RNA by using DOTAP lipofection. Exosomes was extracted from the supernatant of DCs and K562 cells. The T cell were activated to be tumor specific CTL after DCs and exosomes were co-cultured with autologous T cells derived from healthy volunteers' PBMNC. The effect of CTL on K562 cells was detected by MTT assay. The results showed that treatment of T cells with exosomes derived from K562 cells or DCs transfected with total RNA of K562 cells could significantly promote their killing ability on K562 cells as compared with untreated T cells (P < 0.05). The killing ability of T cells treated with exosomes on K562 cells was stronger than on HL-60 cells (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the specific CTL immune response to leukemia cells can be induced by exosomes derived from K562 cells.
Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Endosomes ; immunology ; Exocytosis ; immunology ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; Monocytes ; cytology ; RNA, Neoplasm ; genetics ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; Transfection

OBJECTIVETo investigate the methods of culturing and identifying mouse myeloid semimature dendritic cell (smDC) in vitro.

METHODSMyeloid monocytes derived from 6-week-old C57 BL/6 mice were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 ng/ml recombinant murine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and 20 ng/ml recombinant murine interleukin (IL)-4 for 9 days. Then cells were incubated with 40 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) for 24 hours to obtain smDC. Meanwhile, smDC was differentiated into mature dendritic cell (mDC) or immature dendritic cell (iDC) by treatment with 1 micro/m1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or without LPS. The morphological features of smDC were assayed by inverted microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Surface markers such as CD11c, CD4O, CD8O, CD86, and MHC-II were tested by flow cytometry. IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10 in the supernatant were tested by ELISA. The activation of allogene lymphocyte (BALB/c mice) stimulated by C57BL/6 myeloid smDC in mixed lymphocyte reaction was examined by Cell Counting Kit-8 in vitro.

RESULTSThe shape of smDC was round or oval-shaped, and the diameter of smDC was about 15 microm. The length of smDC dendrite was between 5 to 10 microm. smDC, iDC, and mDC all expressed high level of CD11 c. The expressions of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86 on smDC were higher than those of iDC and lower than those of mDC. IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-12 secretion of smDC was significantly lower than that of mDC (P < 0.01), and IL-12 was significantly lower than that of iDC (P < 0.05), while no significant difference of IL-1beta and IL-6 secretion was found between smDC and iDC (P > 0.05). Furthermore, IL-10 secretion was not significantly different among these three kinds of DCs (P > 0.05). The effect of allogene lymphocytes activation on smDC was significantly lower than that of mDC and positive control (P < 0.01), but had no significant difference when compared with that of iDC and negative control (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSsmDC may be a relatively independent dendritic cell sub-population in terms of function and morphology. It is a feasible way to induce myeloid monocytes to differentiate into smDC using GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-alpha in vitro.

Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Monocytes ; cytology ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo test the immunity of peritoneal monocytes against Plasmodium yoelii infected red blood cells (target cells).

METHODSSaponinized Plasmodium yoelii infected red blood cells (SPRBC, Ghost erythrocyte) were used to immunize mice i.p twice. Three weeks later, the infected red blood cells were injected i.p.; 90 min later, the total peritoneal cells were isolated and washed for scanning electromicroscopy to observe the effects of the peritoneal monocyte to the target cell.

RESULTSThe peritoneal cells of the immunized mice were activated after 90 min of the challenge of target cells. The size of the cell was not even and the pili on the cell surface turned to be long and densed. Cell interconnections were found among the cells. In some peritoneal monocytes, their cell plasma were scattered (omlette-like) or with the shape as "cellular bomb". The scattered or the sheeted pili and spredding cell plasma could adhere to the target cells which were perforated densely and damaged.

CONCLUSIONThe protective adaptive immunity exists in the peritoneal monocytes of immunized mice.

Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan ; immunology ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; parasitology ; Female ; Malaria Vaccines ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Monocytes ; immunology ; ultrastructure ; Peritoneum ; cytology ; Plasmodium yoelii ; immunology ; ultrastructure

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions on cortisol and immune response in adult patients with cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL and domestic electronic databases were searched. Twenty controlled trials (11 randomized and 9 non-randomized trials) met the inclusion criteria with a total of 862 participants. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias for randomized studies and the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for non randomized studies. Data were analyzed using the RevMan 5.2.11 program of Cochrane library. RESULTS: Overall, study quality was moderate to high. The weighted average effect size across studies was -0.32 (95% CI [-0.56, -0.07], p=.010, I2=45%) for cortisol concentration, -0.62 (95%CI [-0.96,-0.29], p<.001, I2=0%) for T lymphocyte (CD3) and -0.45 (95%CI [-0.74, -0.16], p=.003, I2=0%) for Th lymphocyte (CD4) numbers. Psychosocial interventions were not effective for Tc lymphocyte (CD4), NK cell, monocyte, and cytokine response. CONCLUSION: Although these results provide only small evidence of successful immune modulation, they support the conclusion that psychosocial interventions can assist cancer patients in reducing emotional distress and improving immune response.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/*analysis ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology/immunology ; Monocytes/cytology/immunology ; Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology/*therapy ; Psychotherapy ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology

Dendritic cells (DC) are now recognized as the most potent professional antigen presenting cells (APC). Several studies on cancer immunotherapy using different approaches to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo recognizing tumor-associated antigens have been reported. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in vivo may be limited by the local or systemic suppression of CTL generation or function. To explore the ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human monocyte-derived DC involved in activity of autologous CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, HLA-A2 restricted p53(264 - 272) peptide was used as tumor antigen, DC generated with LPS (DC-LPS(+)) or without LPS (DC-LPS(-)) were co-cultured with autologous T cells respectively. The results showed that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell population in the DC-LPS(+) activated T cells was lower than that in the DC-LPS(-) activated T cells. This finding suggest that the relationship between DC-LPS(+) and population of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells exists and this property may contribute to regulation of T cell responses to tumor-associated antigens.
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit ; immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Monocytes ; cytology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of the small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissues stimulating mixed lymphocyte reaction with dendritic cells (DC) and peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC), and observe the changes of the MHC molecular expression on DC.

METHODSDC, PBMC and mixed lymphocyte were separated to culture from SD rats. Lymphoid tissue suspension was adopted from small intestinal mesentery of Wistar rats. In the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), the cellular proliferation of small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissue antigen act on DC and PBMC was detected with cell counting of CCK-8 assay, the same assay used in small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissue antigen and ovalbumin (OVA) acting on DC. FACS analysis was performed after lymphoid tissue suspension stimulating DC to observe the MHC molecular expression.

RESULTSIn the lymphoid tissue suspension, 91% of the cells was lymphocyte, others including granulocyte, plasmocyte, epithelium. The effect of stimulating mixed lymphocyte proliferation were higher in DC groups than in PBMC groups with the small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissue (P < 0.05). In the proportion of DC and mixed lymphocyte >or= 1:100 groups, the mixed lymphocyte proliferation were higher in the small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissues groups than in the OVA groups (P < 0.05). After stimulated by the small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissue, DC expressed higher MHC-I and -II molecules than control groups.

CONCLUSIONSThe small intestinal mesenteric lymphoid tissue has high antigenicity; the antigen presenting ability of DC was much stronger than granulocytes; DC expresses high MHC-I and MHC-II molecules after stimulated by mixed lymphoid tissue suspension.

Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; immunology ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Intestine, Small ; immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Lymphoid Tissue ; cytology ; immunology ; Mesentery ; immunology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Sincalide ; analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the cryobiological characteristics of placental cord blood (PCB) cryopereserved by using BioArchive auto-preserved liquid nitrogen system (BioArchive system). After Hespan depletion of red blood cells, 5 ml mixture of DMSO and 10% Dextran 40 were added into 20 ml of enriched leukocyte. 53 PCB units were cryopreserved as following protocol: pre-freeze rate 10 degrees C/min, start freeze temperature -3 degrees C, end freeze temperature -10 degrees C to -15 degrees C, post freeze rate 2 degrees C/min, and end temperature -50 degrees C. After rapid thawing at 38 degrees C, the PCB were washed with 5% human serum albumin -10% Dextran 40 and centrifuged at 400 x g, 10 degrees C for 20 minutes. The results showed that the viability of nucleated cells post-thaw was (73.3 +/- 12.5)%, the CD34(+) cell content was (0.3 +/- 0.21)% for pre-freeze PCB and (0.45 +/- 0.36)% for post-t haw PCB. No significant difference for CFU-GM/-G/-GEMM counts was found between pre-freeze and post-thaw PCB. Thawed PCB contained in two compartments (20 ml and 5 ml) of a freezing bag showed similar viability and clonogenic capacity. Differential count of white blood cell was significantly changed. For post-thaw PCB, it was dramatically decreased for the percentage of granulocytes, and highly increased for the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes. It was concluded that the condition for cryopreservation and thawing of PCB may be harmful to mature cells, and cells with large size, such as granulocyte, but suitable to lymphocyte and monocyte, especially for the cells with small size, such as CD34(+) cells.
Antigens, CD34 ; immunology ; Blood Preservation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Cell Survival ; Cryopreservation ; methods ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; immunology ; Granulocytes ; cytology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; Placenta ; cytology ; Time Factors