No abstract available.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors* ; Monoamine Oxidase* ; Parkinson Disease*

The vertical HIV transmission from mother to infant can occur in the pregnant period (in utero), during labor or after delivery from breastfeeding. It’s difficult to diagnose HIV-infected newborns by means of serology test, since IgG antibody can infiltrate through placenta from HIV-infected mothers and therefore the serology test is always positive in their babies, even in case the babies were not HIV-infected. In this study, the vertical mother-to-infant HIV-1 transmission in utero was detected by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with p17, c2v3 (gp120) and gp41 primers. 37 of 37 (100%) mother blood specimens and 2 of 37 (5.4%) their newborn umbilical cord blood samples were HIV-1 PCR positive. The PCR success rate with P17 and gp41 primers was much higher than that of PCR with c2v3 primer, especially on umbilical cord blood samples. It is recommended that a PCR test using the least 2 primers (p17 and gp41) should be performed at birth to detect HIV-1 seropositive infants and to allow the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. It is necessary to follow up baby health and perform repeatedly HIV-1 PCR on their blood samples to diagnose the timing of HIV-1 transmission.
Plants ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Plants, Medicinal

Dopamine (DA), as a catecholamine neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central nervous system and the peripheral tissues, has attracted a lot of attention. Especially in recent years, DA has been found to regulate the function of the immune system, and the involvement of DA in the intestinal mucosal inflammation-related diseases has become a hot research topic. The digestive tract is an important source of peripheral DA, and DA is not only produced in the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal epithelium, but also produced by intestinal microorganisms. In addition to the synthetases of DA, the DA contents in body tissues are also affected by the two kinds of metabolic enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). This article reviewed the sources, metabolism, and functions of DA in digestive tract, especially focusing on the distribution and function of MAO and COMT, the enzymes degrading DA.
Catechol O-Methyltransferase ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors ; Dopamine ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Isoquiritigenin,one of the active constituents in the Chinese herb liquorice,is found to have moderate inhibitory activity against rat monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B,IC5047. 2 μmol·L-1). However,the structure-activity relationship(SAR) remains unclear until now. In an attempt to reveal the SAR of inhibition by isoquiritigenin,and to identify more potent and selective inhibitors of MAOB,a series of 13 derivatives based on the scaffold of isoquiritigenin were prepared,and their purities and structures were confirmed by UPLC,1 H-NMR,13 C-NMR and HRMS. These compounds were then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the enzymatic activity of human MAO-B. The SAR of inhibition was summarized and a potent compound C8 with high inhibitory activity(IC501. 4 μmol·L-1) and selectivity(>57 folds over MAO-A) was identified. Enzyme kinetics studies suggested that C8 acted as a competitive inhibitor. In addition,C8 showed little cytotoxicity to glial cells in vitro,which could be a promising lead compound for further study.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Plant Extracts ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) have been widely used as antidepressants. Recently, there has been renewed interest in MAO inhibitors. The activity-guided fractionation of extracts from Angelica keiskei Koidzumi (A. keiskei K.) led to the isolation of two prenylated chalcones, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin and a flavonoid, cynaroside. These three isolated compounds are the major active ingredients of A. keiskei K. to inhibit the MAOs and DBH activities. Xanthoangelol is a nonselective MAO inhibitor, and a potent dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitor. IC50 values of xanthoangelol to MAO-A and MAO-B were calculated to be 43.4 microM, and 43.9 microM. These values were very similar to iproniazid, which is a nonselective MAO inhibitor used as a drug against depression. The IC50 values of iproniazid were 37 microM, and 42.5 microM in our parallel examination. Moreover, IC50 value of xanthoangelol to DBH was calculated 0.52 microM. 4-Hydroxyderricin is a potent selective MAO-B inhibitor and also mildly inhibits DBH activity. The IC50 value of 4-hydroxyderricin to MAO-B was calculated to be 3.43 microM and this value was higher than that of deprenyl (0.046 microM) used as a positive control for selective MAO-B inhibitor in our test. Cynaroside is a most potent DBH inhibitor. The IC50 value of cynaroside to DBH was calculated at 0.0410 microM. Results of this study suggest that the two prenylated chalcones, xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin isolated from A. keiskei K., are expected for potent candidates for development of combined antidepressant drug. A. keiskei K. will be an excellent new bio-functional food material that has the combined antidepressant effect.
Angelica* ; Antidepressive Agents ; Chalcones ; Depression ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Iproniazid ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Oxidoreductases* ; Selegiline

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I) belong to the earliest drugs tried in Parkinson's disease (PD). They have been used with or without levodopa (L-DOPA). Non-selective MAO-I due to their side-effect/adverse reaction profile, like tranylcypromine have limited use in the treatment of depression in PD, while selective, reversible MAO-A inhibitors are recommended due to their easier clinical handling. For the treatment of akinesia and motor fluctuations selective irreversible MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline are recommended. They are safe and well tolerated at the recommended daily doses. Their main differences are related to (1) metabolism, (2) interaction with CYP-enzymes and (3) quantitative properties at the molecular biological/genetic level. Rasagiline is more potent in clinical practise and has a hypothesis driven more favourable side effect/adverse reaction profile due to its metabolism to aminoindan. Both selegiline and rasagiline have a neuroprotective and neurorestaurative potential. A head-to head clinical trial would be of utmost interest from both the clinical outcome and a hypothesis-driven point of view. Selegiline is available as tablet and melting tablet for PD and as transdermal selegiline for depression, while rasagiline is marketed as tablet for PD. In general, the clinical use of MAO-I nowadays is underestimated. There should be more efforts to evaluate their clinical potency as antidepressants and antidementive drugs in addition to the final proof of their disease-modifying potential. In line with this are recent innovative developments of MAO-I plus inhibition of acetylcholine esterase for Alzheimer's disease as well as combined MAO-I and iron chelation for PD.
Acetylcholine ; Alzheimer Disease ; Antidepressive Agents ; Depression ; Freezing ; Handling (Psychology) ; Head ; Indans ; Iron ; Levodopa ; Moclobemide ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Parkinson Disease ; Phenelzine ; Selegiline ; Tranylcypromine

OBJECTIVE: With respect to the pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder (SAD), it has been suggested that treatment duration is an important factor that can significantly predict responses. The present study aimed to compare the treatment adherence of SAD patients who were taking either SSRIs or reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (moclobemide) by measuring treatment duration and all-cause discontinuation rates of pharmacotherapy in a natural clinical setting. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 172 patients diagnosed with SAD. Depending on their medication, we divided the patients into two groups, SSRI (n=54) or moclobemide (n=118). The expected number of all-cause discontinuation every 2 weeks after starting treatment was calculated by life table survival methods. A multi-variable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyze the potential influence of explanatory variables. RESULTS: Treatment duration was significantly longer in the SSRI group [46.41+/-56.96, median=12.0 (weeks)] than in the moclobemide group [25.53+/-34.74, median=12.0 (weeks), Z=2.352, p=0.019]. Overall, all-cause discontinuation rates were significantly lower with SSRIs (81%) than moclobemide (96%, chi2=4.532, p=0.033). CONCLUSION: The SSRI group had a longer treatment duration and lower all-cause discontinuation rate than moclobemide. Further, only the type of medication had a significant effect on all-cause discontinuation rates and therefore, we could predict better treatment adherence with the SSRIs in the treatment of SAD.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Humans ; Life Tables ; Moclobemide ; Monoamine Oxidase ; Retrospective Studies ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

New antidepressants have become available for clinical use in the 1990s. Before this decade, the drugs available to treat depression consisted essentially of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and lithium. Following the introduction of SSRIs, the options have expanded and now include SSRIs nefazodone, venlafaxine, mirtazapine, reboxetine, tianeptine. Newer antidepressants possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics that are relevant to the choice of an antidepressant for clinical use. This review summarizes some of the major pharmacological characteristics among the drugs.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Depression ; Lithium ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to suggest recommendations of antidepressant efficacy compared with placebo, difference in efficacy of antidepressants, and appropriate time of efficacy judgment in antidepressant therapy. METHODS: Using recommendations from 12 international and domestic clinical practice guidelines for depression, drawing of recommendation drafts, and peer review, the executive committee developed the guideline. RESULTS: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), norepinephrine and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), and serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs) were strongly recommended as having antidepressant efficacy compared with placebo. Difference in efficacy of antidepressants was as follows. TCAs, MAOI, SSRI, SNRIs, and NaSSAs were strongly recommended, however, NDRIs, SARIs were weakly recommended. If there was no or minimal improvement with treatment, appropriate time of efficacy judgment in antidepressant therapy was estimated to be after two to four weeks. CONCLUSION: We hope that the results of this study will be helpful in encouraging the optimal treatment by understanding antidepressant efficacy compared with placebo, difference in efficacy of antidepressants, and appropriate time of efficacy judgment in antidepressant therapy.
Antidepressive Agents* ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Depression* ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ; Judgment* ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors ; Norepinephrine ; Peer Review ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Mitochondrial permeability transition has been shown to be involved in neuronal cell death. Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B is considered to play a part in the progress of nigrostriatal cell death. The present study examined the effect of MAO inhibitors against the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in relation to the mitochondrial permeability transition. Chlorgyline (a selective inhibitor of MAO-A), deprenyl (a selective inhibitor of MAO-B) and tranylcypromine (non-selective inhibitor of MAO) all prevented cell viability loss, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, formation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of GSH in differentiated PC12 cells treated with 500 micrometer MPP+. The MAO inhibitors at 10 micrometer revealed a maximal inhibitory effect and beyond this concentration the inhibitory effect declined. On the basis of concentration, the inhibitory potency was tranylcypromine, deprenyl and chlorgyline order. The results suggest that chlorgyline, deprenyl and tranylcypromine attenuate the toxicity of MPP+ against PC12 cells by suppressing the mitochondrial permeability transition that seems to be mediated by oxidative stress.
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium* ; Animals ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Clorgyline ; Cytochromes c ; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors* ; Monoamine Oxidase* ; Neurons ; Oxidative Stress ; PC12 Cells ; Permeability* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Selegiline ; Tranylcypromine