Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; therapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; therapy

Humans ; Lymphoma ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Drug therapy is essential for cancer treatment. The molecular targeted anticancer drugs develop rapidly in recent years, since the effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy is unsatisfactory and the adverse reactions are high. However, molecular targeted anticancer drugs would damage the function of heart, liver or lung, and may cause adverse effects such as hand-foot syndrome, which restrains their clinical application. Therefore, it is critical for pharmaceutical toxicology to study the toxicity, the related mechanisms and the preventive measures of molecular targeted anticancer drugs.
Antineoplastic Agents ; toxicity ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Humans ; MicroRNAs ; therapeutic use ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has markedly changed since 2007, with the approval of sorafenib. Sorafenib improved the overall survival of patients with advanced HCC; however, the modest efficacy and toxicity of this therapy present unmet needs. Subsequently, a variety of molecular targeted agents have been tested as first-line or second-line therapies but have failed, and sorafenib has remained the only approved systemic agent for almost 10 years. Recently, regorafenib significantly improved overall survival and was approved for patients with HCC who have been previously treated with sorafenib. Nivolumab, a programmed death protein-1 inhibitor, was also approved as second-line therapy, based on remarkable response rates.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

The prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is excellent, which is mainly due to the high therapeutic efficacy of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy as well as indolent nature of thyroid cancer itself. Although most patients with DTC are well treated with RAI therapy, a certain number of patients have been suffered from refractoriness to RAI therapy. To overcome refractoriness, many alternative treatments have been investigated, and they could be classified based on the mechanisms of action; redifferentiation drug and molecular targeted drug. Not only redifferentiated drugs but also molecular targeted drugs could induce differentiation of thyroid cancer cells. Consequently, alternative treatments allowing tumor cells of RAI avidity followed by RAI therapy could utilize a synergistic effect of both therapies. Combined RAI therapy is expected to improve therapeutic effects and prognoses of RAI refractory thyroid cancers.
Humans ; Iodine ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Prognosis ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

Novel molecular-targeted therapies involving various kinds of kinase inhibitors show promising results in the treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma refractory to conventional treatment such as surgery and radioiodine treatment. Partial response rates around 15~30% and disease stabilization in additional 30~60% are reported in clinical trials using these drugs. In this review, the introduction about many kinase inhibitors in clinical trials nowadays and the results focusing on phase 2 trial will be discussed. With the development of this various kinds of potent kinase inhibitors and encouragement of enrollment to further clinical trials will give hope to the patients with refractory thyroid cancer in the near future.
Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Phosphotransferases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

Traditionally tumors were classified based on anatomic location but now specific genetic mutations in cancers are leading to treatment of tumors with molecular targeted therapies. This has led to a paradigm shift in the classification and treatment of cancer. Tumors treated with molecular targeted therapies often show morphological changes rather than change in size and are associated with class specific and drug specific toxicities, different from those encountered with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. It is important for the radiologists to be familiar with the new cancer classification and the various treatment strategies employed, in order to effectively communicate and participate in the multi-disciplinary care. In this paper we will focus on lung cancer as a prototype of the new molecular classification.
Adenocarcinoma ; Classification* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Precision Medicine*

Liver metastases in colorectal cancer are a frequent and lethal complication. Although hepatic resection is an effective treatment for patients with liver metastases in colorectal cancer, only 10-20% of the patients with liver metastases in colorectal cancer are indicated on hepatic resection. However, over the past several decades, liver resection has evolved as a safe and potentially curative treatment for liver metastases in colorectal cancer. Currently the absolute number of patients amenable to resection is large and is growing with better imaging, better surgery, and improvements in systemic therapies to reduce the risk of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic recurrences. The development of active chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapies, together with newer modalities like radiofrequency ablation, have expanded the indications for hepatic resection and improved survival. Also, although initially unresectable, a hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases after down-sizing by using the above mentioned treatment modalities and chemotherapy can provide a hope for long-term survival that is similar to that of primarily resectable patients. To achieve this objective, for patients with liver metastases, a multidisciplinary team approach has become mandatory, with routine re-evaluation of patients and with adequate timing for each treatment.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Liver ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence