Based on the features of molecular pharmacognosy subjects, this paper analyzed and induced three features of the curriculum, basic contents and learning methods of it for the need of under-graduate or post-graduate students study. The future development of the molecular pharmacognosy was also introduced in this paper. It was aimed to make the students clear about the subject of molecular pharmacognosy on the whole and spread it in teaching.
Curriculum ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Molecular Biology ; education ; Pharmacognosy ; education

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are the cornerstone courses of talent training in the field of life science. Taking these course as an example, this study explored reconstructing the knowledge framework, developing teaching cases, sharing teaching resources, innovating teaching means and establishing ideological education patterns. Supported by the scientific research achievements with discipline characteristics and online teaching platform, this research explored and practiced an integrated curriculum reform mode. This mode is guided by scientific research and education, based on the course development, and driven by communication and cooperation. A shared space of "exchange, practice, openness and informatization" was developed to achieve free and independent integration of undergraduate and graduate teaching motivated by learning knowledge, resulting in an effective student training.
Humans ; Curriculum ; Students ; Learning ; Molecular Biology/education* ; Biochemistry/education*

The Bethesda System (TBS) was first developed in 1988 for the need to enhance the communication of the cytopathologic findings to the referring physician in unambiguous diagnostic terms. The terminology used in this reporting system should reflect current understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical/vaginal disease, so the framework of the reporting system should be flexible enough to accommodate advances in medicine, including virology, molecular biology, and pathology. Three years after the introduction of TBS, the second Bethesda workshop was held to set or amend diagnostic criteria for each categories of TBS. TBS 1991 is now widely used. The third Bethesda workshop, The Bethesda System 2001 Workshop, was held in National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland from April 30 to May 2, 2001. Again, the goals of this workshop were to promote effective communication and to clarify in reporting cervical cytopathology results to clinicians and to provide with the information to make appropriate decisions about diagnosis and treatment. Nine forum groups were made and there were Web-based bulletin board discussions between October, 2000 and the first week of April, 2001. On the basis of bulletin board comments and discussions, the forum moderators recommended revised terminologies in the Workshop. Hot discussions were followed after the presentation by forum moderators during the workshop. Terminologies confusing clinicians and providing no additional informations regarding patient management were deleted in the workshop to clarify the cervicovaginal cytology results. Any informations related to the patient management were encouraged to add. So 'Satisfactory for evaluation but limited by' of 'Specimen Adequacy' catergory was deleted. Terminology of 'Unsatisfactory' was further specified as 'Specimen rejected' and 'Specimen processed and examined, but unsatisfactory'. Terminologies of 'Benign Cellular Change' and 'Within Normal Limits' were combined and terminology was changed to 'Negative for intraepithelial lesion
Diagnosis ; Education* ; Humans ; Maryland ; Molecular Biology ; National Cancer Institute (U.S.) ; Pathology ; Virology

The teaching status of Molecular Pharmacognosy in 28 institutions in China was investigated by questionnaire and the survey data was analyzed by SPSS. Research contents included course beginning years, majors, class hours, characteristics of the course, teaching ways, the theory and practice contents, evaluation modes, selection of teaching material, teaching achievements, teachers and so on for undergraduates and graduates. Research results showed that with 20 years' development, Molecular Pharmacognosy had been offered for both undergraduate and graduate students in at least 20 colleges and universities and Molecular Pharmacognosy education in China showed good development momentum. At the same time, to promote the development of Molecular Pharmacognosy further, investment for it should be increased and practical teaching condition should be improved.
China ; Humans ; Molecular Biology ; education ; manpower ; methods ; trends ; Pharmacognosy ; education ; manpower ; methods ; trends ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; genetics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teaching ; manpower ; methods ; trends

The importance of quality control for dramatically growing genetic tests continues to be emphasized with increasing clinical demands. Diagnostic genetics subcommitee of KSQACP performed two trials for cytogenetic study in 2003. Cytogenetic surveys were performed by 33 laboratories and answered correctly in most laboratories except some problems in nomenclature and analysis for FISH and complex cytogenetic abnormalities in neoplasia. The molecular genetic test surveys include M. tuberculosis, HBV, HPV, leukemia/lymphoma, ApoE genotyping, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red muscle fibers, and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. HPV, myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red muscle fibers, and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy were the first challenge of the genetic survey. Molecular genetic survey showed excellent results in most participants, however, HPV tests should be improved by quality control in a few laboratories. External quality assessment program for cytogenetic analysis could be helpful to give participants many chances of continuous education and of interesting case materials.
Apolipoproteins E ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetic Analysis ; Cytogenetics ; Education ; Epilepsies, Myoclonic ; Genetics* ; Korea* ; Molecular Biology ; Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; Quality Control ; Tuberculosis

The importance of quality control for dramatically growing genetic tests continues to be emphasized with increasing clinical demands. Diagnostic genetics subcommitee of KSQACP performed two trials for cytogenetic study in 2004. Cytogenetic surveys were performed by 36 laboratories and answered correctly in most laboratories except some problems in karyotype nomenclature, interpretation of FISH test results and the detection of complex cytogenetic abnormalities in hematologic neoplasias. The molecular genetic test surveys included may kinds of tests like M. tuberculosis, HBV, HCV, HPV, leukemias/lymphomas, ApoE genotyping, MTHFR genotyping, BRCA1 & BRCA2, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington disease. Each molecular test for HCV, MTHFR genotyping, BRCA1 & BRCA2 analysis and Huntington disease was the first challenge in 2004. Molecular genetic surveys showed excellent results in most of participants. External quality assessment program for genetic analysis in 2004 was proved to be helpful in continuous education and evaluation of quality improvement.
Apolipoproteins E ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetics ; Education ; Genetics* ; Huntington Disease ; Karyotype ; Korea* ; Molecular Biology ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; Quality Control ; Quality Improvement ; Tuberculosis

Diagnostic genetics subcommitee of KSQACP has performed two trials each for cytogenetic studies and molecular genetic studies in 2005. Cytogenetic surveys were performed by 37 laboratories and answered correctly in most laboratories. And the first trial with whole blood specimen from the patient with cytogenetic abnormality (mosaic Turner syndrome) was successfully done, which could evaluate the whole process for cytogenetic studies from cell culture, harvest and karyotyping.. The molecular genetic test surveys included many kinds of tests like M. tuberculosis, HBV, HCV, HPV, leukemias/lymphomas, ApoE genotyping, MTHFR genotyping, BRCA1 & BRCA2, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington disease. Molecular genetic surveys showed excellent results in most of participants. External quality assessment program for genetic analysis in 2005 was proved to be helpful in continuous education and evaluation of quality improvement.
Apolipoproteins E ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Cytogenetics ; Education ; Genetics* ; Humans ; Huntington Disease ; Karyotyping ; Korea* ; Molecular Biology ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; Quality Improvement ; Tuberculosis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as a prototype of the neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory impairment and multiple cognitive deficits in mid- to late- life. Its pathological hallmarks consist of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex, accompanied by neuronal loss. These neuropathological findings are prominent in the temporal neocortex and hippocampus. There are a small proportion of AD cases (10%) that appear to be transmitted as pure autosomal dominant Mendelian traits with age-dependent, but, high penetrance. Molecular genetic studies on pedigrees with the latter type of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) with molecular genetic tools has led to the discovery of four different genetic loci associated with inherited susceptibility to AD. It is generally suggested that late-onset AD is caused by a complex set of genetic and environmental factors, such as diet, blood pressure, education, social interaction, and others. In this communication, some of the known risk factors relevant to etiopathogenesis of AD to date will be briefly reviewed.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Blood Pressure ; Cerebral Cortex ; Diet ; Education ; Genetic Loci ; Hippocampus ; Interpersonal Relations ; Memory ; Molecular Biology ; Neocortex ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Neurons ; Penetrance ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Risk Factors

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystem genetic disorder characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The main clinical features consist of neonatal hypotonia, distinctive facial features, delayed overall development with mental deficiency, behavioral abnormalities, poor growth in infancy followed by overeating with severe obesity, short stature, and hypogonadism. Recently, patients with PWS have been diagnosed at an earlier age, especially in the neonatal period. In addition, early interventions such as commencement of growth hormone therapy and dietary programs, have received attention in PWS treatment. Since early diagnosis is now possible based on both clinical symptoms and signs and on molecular genetic criteria, early dietary intervention and early growth hormone therapy during the first two years may improve neurodevelopment, increase muscle mass, and reduce obesity. Our aim in this review is to document the characteristics of infants with PWS and to provide a recent update regarding early management.
Early Diagnosis ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Hypogonadism ; Infant ; Intellectual Disability ; Molecular Biology ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Muscles ; Obesity ; Prader-Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystem genetic disorder characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. The main clinical features consist of neonatal hypotonia, distinctive facial features, delayed overall development with mental deficiency, behavioral abnormalities, poor growth in infancy followed by overeating with severe obesity, short stature, and hypogonadism. Recently, patients with PWS have been diagnosed at an earlier age, especially in the neonatal period. In addition, early interventions such as commencement of growth hormone therapy and dietary programs, have received attention in PWS treatment. Since early diagnosis is now possible based on both clinical symptoms and signs and on molecular genetic criteria, early dietary intervention and early growth hormone therapy during the first two years may improve neurodevelopment, increase muscle mass, and reduce obesity. Our aim in this review is to document the characteristics of infants with PWS and to provide a recent update regarding early management.
Early Diagnosis ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Hypogonadism ; Infant ; Intellectual Disability ; Molecular Biology ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Muscles ; Obesity ; Prader-Willi Syndrome