One of the most complicated eye disorders is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is the leading cause of irremediable blindness all over the world in the elderly.AMD is classified as early stage to late stage (advanced AMD), in which this stage is divided into the exudative or neovascular form (wet AMD) and the nonexudative or atrophic form (dry AMD). Clinically, AMD primarily influences the central area of retina known as the macula. Importantly, the wet form is generally associated with more severe vision loss. AMD has a systemic component, where many factors, like aging, genetic, environment, autoimmune and non-autoimmune disorders are associated with this disease. Additionally, healthy lifestyles, regular exercise, maintaining a normal lipid profile and weight are crucial to decreasing the risk of AMD. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies for limiting AMD should encompass a variety of factors to avoid and improve drug interventions, and also need to take into account personalized genetic information. In conclusion, with the development of technology and research progress, visual impairment and legal blindness from AMD have been substantially reduced in incidence. This review article is focused on identifying and developing the knowledge about the association between genetics, and etiology with AMD. We hope that this review will encourage researchers and lecturers, open new discussions, and contribute to a better understanding of AMD that improves patients’ visual acuity, and upgrades the quality of life of AMD patients.

Bladder cancer is defined as a urinary tract malignancy that threatens men’s and women’s health. Due to the side effects of common chemotherapies, novel therapeutic strategies are necessary to overcome the issues concerning bladder cancer treatments. Nanotechnology has been suggested as a means to develop the next-generation objectives of cancer diagnosis and treatment among various novel therapies. Owing to the special characteristics that they can offer, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were investigated in this study to evaluate their apoptotic impact on bladder cancer 5637 cells. In this study, an MTT assay was conducted and appropriate concentrations of AgNPs were selected. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis levels were determined using fluorimetric and Annexin/PI flow cytometry assays, respectively. Moreover, the activity of caspase 3,7, mRNA expression of Bax (Bcl-2-associated X) and Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) were assessed based on colorimetric and qRT-PCR methods, respectively. The results indicated that AgNPs can significantly reduce the viability of 5637 cells in a dose-dependent mode as well as having the ability to elevate ROS production. Flow cytometry data showed that AgNPs lead to a remarkable increase in the apoptosis rate as compared with the control. Consistent with this, the induction of apoptosis was revealed by the overexpression of Bax, accompanied by a reduction in Bcl-2 expression compared to the control. Furthermore, AgNPs remarkably stimulated caspase 3,7 activation. In summary, AgNPs can mediate apoptosis in 5637 cells via excessive ROS formation, up-regulating Bax/Bcl-2 expression, and caspase 3,7 activation.