Purpose: Although the etiology of Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is not well understood, based on a new theory, it may be caused by a decrease in the supply of blood to the femoral head. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and an increase in thickness of articular cartilage on the supply of blood to the femoral head in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: This case study was based on a simulation analysis. Computed tomography scan images of a subject with Perthes disease were used to create a three-dimensional model of the hip joint on both the normal and Perthes sides. In addition, modeling of the blood vessels of the femoral head, including the foveolar and retinacular arteries, was performed during this study. Results: Increased stress on all articular components (femoral head, acetabulum, articular cartilage, and blood vessels) was observed on the Perthes side compared to the normal side. On the Perthes side with normal articular cartilage thickness, stress on all components, particularly the femur, showed a significant increase compared to the normal side. Conclusion Increased deformation of the femoral head vessels was observed in patients with Perthes condition and when increased thickness of the articular cartilage was observed. A decrease in BMD can evidently increase the stress applied to the arteries of the femoral head, ultimately leading to death of the femoral head.

Purpose: Although the etiology of Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is not well understood, based on a new theory, it may be caused by a decrease in the supply of blood to the femoral head. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and an increase in thickness of articular cartilage on the supply of blood to the femoral head in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: This case study was based on a simulation analysis. Computed tomography scan images of a subject with Perthes disease were used to create a three-dimensional model of the hip joint on both the normal and Perthes sides. In addition, modeling of the blood vessels of the femoral head, including the foveolar and retinacular arteries, was performed during this study. Results: Increased stress on all articular components (femoral head, acetabulum, articular cartilage, and blood vessels) was observed on the Perthes side compared to the normal side. On the Perthes side with normal articular cartilage thickness, stress on all components, particularly the femur, showed a significant increase compared to the normal side. Conclusion Increased deformation of the femoral head vessels was observed in patients with Perthes condition and when increased thickness of the articular cartilage was observed. A decrease in BMD can evidently increase the stress applied to the arteries of the femoral head, ultimately leading to death of the femoral head.

Purpose: Although the etiology of Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease (LCPD) is not well understood, based on a new theory, it may be caused by a decrease in the supply of blood to the femoral head. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and an increase in thickness of articular cartilage on the supply of blood to the femoral head in this group of patients. Materials and Methods: This case study was based on a simulation analysis. Computed tomography scan images of a subject with Perthes disease were used to create a three-dimensional model of the hip joint on both the normal and Perthes sides. In addition, modeling of the blood vessels of the femoral head, including the foveolar and retinacular arteries, was performed during this study. Results: Increased stress on all articular components (femoral head, acetabulum, articular cartilage, and blood vessels) was observed on the Perthes side compared to the normal side. On the Perthes side with normal articular cartilage thickness, stress on all components, particularly the femur, showed a significant increase compared to the normal side. Conclusion Increased deformation of the femoral head vessels was observed in patients with Perthes condition and when increased thickness of the articular cartilage was observed. A decrease in BMD can evidently increase the stress applied to the arteries of the femoral head, ultimately leading to death of the femoral head.

Background: Patients who have rotator cuff arthropathy experience a limited range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint and experience problems in performing their daily activities; however, no evidence is available to suggest the exact ROM of the shoulder joint in this population. Therefore, this study sought to determine the degree of motion of the shoulder joint in three planes during different activities. Methods: Five subjects with rotator cuff injuries participated in this study. The motion of the shoulder joints on both the involved and normal sides was assessed by a motion analysis system while performing forward abduction (task 1), flexion (task 2), and forward flexion (task 3). The OpenSIM software program was used to determine the ROM of the shoulder joints on both sides. The difference between the ranges of motion was determined using a two-sample t-test. Results: The ROMs of the shoulder joint in task 1 were 35°±16.5°, 72.1°±2.6°, and 103.9°±28.7° degrees for flexion, abduction, and rotation, respectively, on the normal side and 28°±19.8°, 31°±31.56°, and 48°±33.5° on the involved side (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the flexion/extension and rotation movements of the shoulder joint when performing task 1. However, the difference between flexion and rotation movements of the shoulder joints for the second task was significant (p˃0.05). Conclusions Those with rotator cuff arthropathy have functional limitations due to muscle weakness and paralysis, especially during the vertical reaching task. However, although these individuals have decreased ROM for transverse reaching tasks, the reduction was not significant.

Background: Patients who have rotator cuff arthropathy experience a limited range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint and experience problems in performing their daily activities; however, no evidence is available to suggest the exact ROM of the shoulder joint in this population. Therefore, this study sought to determine the degree of motion of the shoulder joint in three planes during different activities. Methods: Five subjects with rotator cuff injuries participated in this study. The motion of the shoulder joints on both the involved and normal sides was assessed by a motion analysis system while performing forward abduction (task 1), flexion (task 2), and forward flexion (task 3). The OpenSIM software program was used to determine the ROM of the shoulder joints on both sides. The difference between the ranges of motion was determined using a two-sample t-test. Results: The ROMs of the shoulder joint in task 1 were 35°±16.5°, 72.1°±2.6°, and 103.9°±28.7° degrees for flexion, abduction, and rotation, respectively, on the normal side and 28°±19.8°, 31°±31.56°, and 48°±33.5° on the involved side (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the flexion/extension and rotation movements of the shoulder joint when performing task 1. However, the difference between flexion and rotation movements of the shoulder joints for the second task was significant (p˃0.05). Conclusions Those with rotator cuff arthropathy have functional limitations due to muscle weakness and paralysis, especially during the vertical reaching task. However, although these individuals have decreased ROM for transverse reaching tasks, the reduction was not significant.

Purpose: Toe-in gait is defined as a style of walking in which the foot turns inward. It may be caused by an increase in femoral bone anteversion, tibia torsion, and metatarsus adductus. There are some conservative treatment approaches used to correct this condition. This review aimed to determine the effects of the toe-in gait on joint loading, kinematics, and kinetic parameters while walking. Moreover, it sought to determine the efficiency of various conservative treatments used to correct the condition. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science database, EBSCO, and Embase, using the following keywords in toe, toe-in, toeing, in-toe, pigeon toe, and conservative treatment published between 1950 and 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Down and Black tool. Results: A total of 13 papers on the impact of toe-in gait on joint contact force, kinematics, kinetic parameters, and conservative approaches to management were found. The quality of the studies varied between a score of 11 and 22. The toe-in gait influences the joint contact forces and kinematics of the joints, especially the hip and pelvis. The effects of conservative treatment on the toe-in gait appear to be controversial. Conclusion As the toe-in gait influences the joint contact force, it may increase the incidence of degenerative joint diseases. Therefore, treatment is recommended. However, there is no strong evidence on the efficacy of conservative treatments, and there are no recommendations for the use of these treatments in subjects with toe-in gait.

Nilotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been recently used to improve the liver fibrosis process, but the exact mechanisms still require further clarification. In this study, we investigated the anti-fibrotic effects of Nilotinib via RAGE/HMGB1axis and antioxidant mechanisms. This experimental study was performed in the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from May 2015 to December 2016. Liver fibrosis was induced in Wistar male rats by CCL₄. Rats were gavaged daily with Nilotinib (10 mg/kg). RAGE, HMGB1, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. TNF-α protein levels were measured using the immunoassay method. Thiol groups, carbonyl groups, nitric oxide levels and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured by spectrophotometric methods.The results showed that Nilotinib decreased TNF-α, TGF-β, RAGE and HMGB1 mRNA expression (p<0.001) in the liver tissues of the fibrosis group. Nilotinib also decreased carbonyl groups and nitric oxide levels and increased thiol groups and glutathione peroxidase activity in the fibrosis groups. The histopathological changes were found to be attenuated by Nilotinib. In conclusion, Nilotinib can improve liver fibrosis and open new mechanisms of the anti-fibrotic properties of Nilotinib.
Animals ; Fibrosis ; Gene Expression ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; HMGB1 Protein ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Iran ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Male ; Methods ; Nitric Oxide ; Oxidative Stress ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Rage ; Rats ; RNA, Messenger

Cancer cell resistance to widely used chemotherapeutic agents is gradually developed. Natural products, mainly isolated from medicinal plants, have been considered as valuable sources for herbal anticancer drugs. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of crude ethyle alcohole extract and four fractions of Q. brantii acorn. Crude ethyle alcohole extract of Q. brantii acorn was prepared and subjected to fractionation with different polarity. Subsequently, the extract and the fractions wereevaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity in two cancerous (Hela and AGS) and one normal (HDFs) cell lines using MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2ol) 2, 5 diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay. To determine whether the cytotoxicity of these compounds involved the induction of apoptosis, Hela cells were treated with IC50 concentrations of test compounds, stained with both propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that the cell viability was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with crude ethyle alcohole extract and Cholophorm and n-Butanol fractions. Based on the probit regression model, antiproliferative activities of crude ethyle alcohole extract, Cholophorm fraction, and n-Butanol fraction on Hela and AGS cells and HDFs cells were significantly different (P < 0.001). The results of flow cytometric analysis showed that crude ethyle alcohole extract and two fractions of Q. brantii acorn induced early apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that crude ethyle alcohole extract and Cholophorm and n-Butanol fractions of Q. brantii acorn suppress the proliferation of cancer cells through induction of early apoptosis.
1-Butanol ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor ; Ethanol ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Quercus ; chemistry