Theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite of cattle and domestic buffaloes, is transmitted by ticks of the genus Hyalomma, and causes a disease named Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis. In this research 50 cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata were treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala. The treatment was continued for 5 days, the dose of the extract being 5 mg/kg per day. After the treatment, 39 cattle responded to the treatment and recovered, but 11 did not respond to the treatment and died. The recovery rate of animals treated with the extract of the plant Peganum harmala was 78%.
Animals ; Antiprotozoal Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cattle ; Lymph Nodes/parasitology/pathology ; *Peganum ; Phytotherapy/*veterinary ; Plant Extracts/*therapeutic use ; *Theileria annulata ; Theileriasis/*drug therapy/pathology ; Treatment Outcome

For evaluation of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans in Iran, fecal specimens from diarrheic (n = 129) and non-diarrheic humans (n = 271) were collected and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. The presence of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts was determined by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Humans were grouped according to their age as follows: younger than 15, 16-25, 26-35, 36-50, and over 51 years. The results showed that the overall prevalence of infection in all 400 samples was 10.8%, but the prevalence (25.6%) in diarrheic humans was higher than that (3.7%) in non-diarrheic humans. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were detected in the feces of 21.4%, 9.3%, 8.8%, 6.7% and 5.7% of different age groups, respectively. The intensity of oocysts was significantly higher in diarrheic humans than in non-diarrheic ones. There was a significant association between Cryptosporidium sp. infection and occurrence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Cryptosporidium sp. infection is prevalent in diarrheic humans in Iran.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cryptosporidiosis/*epidemiology/parasitology/pathology ; Cryptosporidium/*isolation & purification ; Diarrhea/*epidemiology/parasitology ; Feces/parasitology ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Iran/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Oocysts ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers' practices regarding hepatitis B have an important effect on the control of this problem in workplaces. METHODS: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was used to investigate the role of knowledge, cues to action, and risk perceptions as predictors of preventive behavioral intentions for hepatitis B among healthcare works in Broujen, Iran (n = 150). History of hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B surface antigen test, and demographic characteristics were investigated. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were established. RESULTS: Those who had a history of hepatitis B surface antigen test had a statistically significant higher level of risk perceptions (30.89 +/- 4.08 vs. 28.41 +/- 3.93, p < 0.01) and preventive behavioral intentions (5.05 +/- 1.43 vs. 4.45 +/- 1.29, p < 0.01). The mean score of cues to action was significantly correlated with age and work history (r = 0.20, p = 0.02 and r = 0.19, p = 0.02). Preventive behavioral intentions were significantly correlated with cues to action and risk perceptions but not with knowledge level. Cognitional factors were responsible for a 17% change in observed variance of preventive behavioral intentions, which was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Risk perceptions were the most important determinant of preventive behavioral intentions for hepatitis B among health personnel; thus, emphasizing risk perceptions is recommended in educational programs aimed at increasing health personnel's practices regarding hepatitis B.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cues ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Health Personnel ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B* ; Humans ; Intention* ; Iran ; Occupational Exposure ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination

PURPOSE: Currently, neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) followed by total mesorectal resection is considered the standard of care for treating locally advanced rectal cancer. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of adding induction chemotherapy to neoadjuvant CRT in locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS: This phase-II clinical trial included 54 patients with newly diagnosed, locally advanced (clinical T3–4 and/or N1–2, M0) rectal cancer. All patients were treated with 3 cycles of preoperative chemotherapy using the XELOX (capecitabine + oxaliplatin) regimen before and after a concurrent standard long course of CRT (45–50.4 Gy) followed by standard radical surgery. Pathologic complete response (PCR) rate and toxicity were the primary and secondary end-points, respectively. RESULTS: The study participants included 37 males and 17 females, with a median age of 59 years (range, 20–80 years). Twenty-nine patients (54%) had clinical stage-II disease, and 25 patients (46%) had clinical stage-III disease. Larger tumor size (P = 0.006) and distal rectal location (P = 0.009) showed lower PCR compared to smaller tumor size and upper rectal location. Pathologic examinations showed significant tumor regression (6.1 ± 2.7 cm vs. 1.9 ± 1.8 cm, P < 0.001) with 10 PCRs (18.5%) compared to before the intervention. The surgical margin was free of cancer in 52 patients (96.3%). Treatment-related toxicities were easily tolerated, and all patients completed their planned treatment without interruption. Grade III and IV toxicities were infrequent. CONCLUSION: The addition of induction chemotherapy to neoadjuvant CRT is an effective and well-tolerated treatment approach in patients with rectal cancer.
Drug Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Induction Chemotherapy ; Male ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Standard of Care

Anal canal duplication (ACD) is a very rare condition, especially in adults. Four cases in adults are reported. In three cases, the orifice of duplication was located behind the native anus, and in one case, it was located anteriorly. In all cases, no communication between the anal canal and the tract of duplication was noted. Complete removals of the duplications were done through a perineal approach. Histology showed fibro-muscular tissue lined with a squamous epithelium. The postoperative courses were uneventful.
Adult* ; Anal Canal* ; Epithelium ; Humans

Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of head and neck cancer. MicroRNAs, as new biomarkers, are recommended for diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Bevacizumab, sold under the trade name Avastin, is a humanized whole monoclonal antibody that targets and blocks VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A; angiogenesis) and oncogenic signaling pathways. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 50 cases suffering from OSCC and 50 healthy participants. Peripheral blood samples were collected in glass test tubes, and RNA extraction was started immediately. Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 biomarkers in the peripheral blood of OSCC-affected individuals and healthy volunteers in vivo were evaluated using real-time PCR. The influence of Avastin on the expression levels of the aforementioned biomarkers in vitro and in the HN5 cell line was also investigated. Results: Expression levels of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 in the peripheral blood of individuals affected by OSCC were higher than in those who were healthy. Moreover, Avastin at a concentration of 400 µM caused a decrease in the expression levels of the three biomarkers and a 1.5-fold, 3.5-fold, and 4-fold increase in apoptosis in the test samples compared to the controls in the HN5 cell line after 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that overexpression of miR-155, miR-191, and miR-494 is associated with OSCC, and Avastin is able to regulate and downregulate the expression of those biomarkers and increase apoptosis in cancerous cells in the HN5 cell line

OBJECTIVES: The number of illicit drug users is prone to underestimation. This study aimed to use the capture-recapture method as a statistical procedure for measuring the prevalence of intravenous drug users (IDUs) by estimating the number of unknown IDUs not registered by any of the registry centers. METHODS: This study was conducted in Hamadan City, the west of Iran, in 2012. Three incomplete data sources of IDUs, with partial overlapping data, were assessed including: (a) Volunteer Counseling and Testing Centers (VCTCs); (b) Drop in Centers (DICs); and (c) Outreach Teams (ORTs). A log-linear model was applied for the analysis of three-sample capture-recapture results. Two information criteria were used for model selection including Akaike's Information Criterion and the Bayesian Information Criterion. RESULTS: Out of 1,478 IDUs registered by three centers, 48% were identified by VCTCs, 32% by DICs, and 20% by ORTs. After exclusion of duplicates, 1,369 IDUs remained. According to our findings, there were 9,964 (95% CI, 6,088 to 17,636) IDUs not identified by any of the centers. Hence, the real number of IDUs is expected to be 11,333. Based on these findings, the overall completeness of the three data sources was around 12% (95% CI, 7% to 18%). CONCLUSION: There was a considerable number of IDUs not identified by any of the centers. Although the capture-recapture method is a useful and practical approach for estimating unknown populations, due to the assumptions and limitations of the method, the results must be interpreted with caution.
Counseling ; Dacarbazine ; Drug Users ; Humans ; Iran ; Linear Models ; Prevalence ; Information Storage and Retrieval

Nicotine is the most toxic factor of tobacco. Genistein is a phytoestrogen and antioxidant that has numerous health benefits. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of genistein against toxic properties of nicotine to the pancreas of mice. For this purpose, 48 male mice were randomly assigned into six groups (n=8): normal control, nicotine control (2.5 mg/kg), genistein (25 and 50 mg/kg), and nicotine+genistein (25 and 50 mg/kg) treated groups. Various doses of genistein and genistein+nicotine were administered intraperitoneally to animals for 4 weeks. The weight of pancreas, total antioxidant capacity and nitrite oxide of serum, insulin levels, and the number and diameter of islets of Langerhans were investigated. Nicotine administration reduced significantly total antioxidant capacity, insulin, pancreas weight, and the number and diameter of islets of Langerhans and increased nitrite oxide in serum compared to the control normal group (P<0.05). Conversely, genistein and genistein+nicotine increased significantly insulin, total antioxidant capacity, and the number and diameter islets of Langerhans and decreased serum nitrite oxide compared to the nicotine control group. It seems that the genistein can improve pancreas damage following the nicotine administration.
Animals ; Genistein ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insurance Benefits ; Islets of Langerhans ; Male ; Mice ; Nicotine ; Pancreas ; Phytoestrogens ; Tobacco

· AIM:To evaluate the corneal densitometry in treatmentnaive patients with keratoconus and its relevance with anterior and posterior corneal elevation.· METHODS:Keratoconic corneas were examined using the Pentacam.Corneal densitometry was measured over a 12-mm diameter area,divided by annular concentric zones and depths,more over anterior and posterior corneal elevation was measured.Keratoconus was classified according to the topographic keratoconus classification.· RESULTS:A total of 152 subjects [72 patients with keratoconus (46 male,26 female) and 80 healthy control subjects (50 male,30 female)] were included in the study.There were significant differences in corneal densitometry values of the groups in central 2 mm keratoconus (KC)=19.62±4.17 gray scale unit (GSU),N=15.38±1.54 GSU(P＜0.0001),and in annulus of 2 to 6 mmin diameter (K=16.40±2.18 GSU,N=15.31±1.25 GSU,P＜0.0001).When densitometry values for different depths were examined,the anterior layer presented the highest value (KC =23.69±3.71 GSU,N =20.91 ±2.52 GSU,P＜0.0001),which was significantly higher than the values obtained in the central and posterior layer (KC =14.34± 1.70 GSU,N=13.61±1.21 GSU,P=0.001 and KC=11.40± 1.23 GSU,N =12.35±0.88,P=0.002 respectively).Analysis of the correlation between corneal densitometry for each layer depth (anterior,central and posterior) with posterior corneal elevation values demonstrated significant association (r =0.293,r =0.278 and r =0.294 respectively).The similar correlation was not found between corneal densitometry for each layer depth and anterior corneal elevation (r=-0.211,r=-0.101,r=0.99 respectively).In the control patients such a significant correlation between posterior/anterior corneal elevation and corneal light backscatter for each layer depth was not found.· CONCLUSION:The densitometry map reveals that light backscatter was higher in the central portion of the anterior keratoconic cornea.Corneal densitometry values of keratoconus patients were correlated with posterior corneal elevation in 0-2,6-10 and 10-12 annuli and in all anterior,central and posterior layers.The densitometry level was higher in more advanced stages.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasites in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs in northern Iran and to investigate related risk factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 494 patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs, including cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (n=188) and those treated with prolonged corticosteroid administration (n=306). All fresh fecal samples were examined using the direct wet-mount, formalin ethyl acetate concentration, and agar plate culture techniques. RESULTS: In total, 16.8% of patients were positive for at least 1 intestinal parasite; the helminthic and protozoan infection rates were 5.1% and 12.3%, respectively. The infection rate was significantly higher in corticosteroid-treated individuals (19.6%) than cancer patients (12.2%) (p<0.05). The prevalence rate of S. stercoralis among patients receiving chemotherapy and those treated with corticosteroids were 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively. The prevalence rate of S. stercoralis infection was significantly higher in older patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Strongyloidiasis is one of the most common parasites among patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs in northern Iran. Early diagnosis and proper treatment of these patients are necessary to minimize the complications of severe strongyloidiasis.