Aims: Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, particularly in developed countries and is reported to show an increased trend in antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter in wild birds, poultry and in poultry environments in Selangor, Malaysia as well as to determine the rate of antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter isolates from poultry and wild birds. Methodology and results: The wild birds were trapped near poultry farm areas and in open areas which were more than 5 km away from poultry farms (refered to as open environment). Of 57 wild birds trapped near the farm environment, 17.5% were positive for Campylobacter and out of these, 90% were Campylobacter jejuni. Of a total of 77 birds in the open environment, 22.1% were positive for Campylobacter and of these 88.7% were C. jejuni. The poultry farms consisted of 3 chicken and 2 duck farms. About 60% of the chickens and 44.8% of the ducks were positive for Campylobacter of which 80% were C. jejuni, while 20% were Campylobacter coli. The Campylobacter isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disk diffusion method against 12 antibiotics. All the isolates (100%) from wild birds around poultry houses were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The findings showed 93% of the isolates from wild birds were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Campylobacter isolates from poultry in the farms were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The antibiotic resistant Campylobacter is of public health importance.

Purpose: Recently, great interest has been focused on dietary fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) for the treatment of functional abdominal pain (FAP). Several meta-analyses, including those on the adult population, have been published, potentiating its role. However, pediatric studies are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a low-FODMAP diet on the severity of FAP in children. Methods: This clinical trial included 50 patients aged 3–18 years with irritable bowel syndrome and FAP that were not otherwise specified. The patients were instructed to receive a low FODMAP diet guided by a dietitian. The primary outcome was the percentage of responders after 2 months of dietary intervention compared with baseline. Other outcomes included changes in stool consistency and quality of life (QoL) scores using the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire, and weight-for-age z-scores. Results: After the dietary intervention, 74% of patients showed more than 30% lower pain intensity, as examined using the Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale. Their QoL significantly improved, and patients have gained weight. Conclusion A low FODMAP diet can improve pain intensity and QoL among children with functional abdominal pain, with no detrimental effects on body weight.

Purpose: To compare single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) to conventional alcohol assisted epithelial removal then photorefractive keratectomy (AAPRK) regarding pain, epithelial healing, visual acuity, corneal haze measured subjectively and objectively, higher order aberrations changes, contrast sensitivity and vector analysis of astigmatic correction with one year follow-up.
Methods: A prospective double-blind randomized study of 29 subjects (58 eyes) who underwent myopic aberration-free laser correction by smart pulse technology using Schwind Amaris 1050 Hz with 1-year follow-up. Right eye was randomly treated by AAPRK or TPRK. Postoperative assessment was performed on day 1 and 3, at 1st week, and 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months. Patients were assessed for pain, epithelial healing, visual acuity, corneal haze, astigmatic correction, higher order aberrations and contrast sensitivity.
Results: Epithelial healing was complete by the 3rd day in 62.1% of AAPRK eyes and in 89.7% of TPRK eyes. First day postoperative pain was higher in TPRK group (p = 0.0134). The decimal uncorrected visual acuity at 12 months was 1.47 ± 0.39 and 1.57 ± 0.38 in the AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively (p = 0.3719). Post-photorefractive keratectomy haze reached a final level of 0.04 ± 0.14 and 0.02 ± 0.1 in AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively (p = 0.5607). Contrast sensitivity was comparable in low and high frequency cycles per degree. Vector analysis of astigmatic correction showed correction index at one year of 0.99 and 1.05 for AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively.
Conclusions Alcohol assisted and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy have comparable results regarding safety and efficacy.

Purpose: To compare single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (TPRK) to conventional alcohol assisted epithelial removal then photorefractive keratectomy (AAPRK) regarding pain, epithelial healing, visual acuity, corneal haze measured subjectively and objectively, higher order aberrations changes, contrast sensitivity and vector analysis of astigmatic correction with one year follow-up.
Methods: A prospective double-blind randomized study of 29 subjects (58 eyes) who underwent myopic aberration-free laser correction by smart pulse technology using Schwind Amaris 1050 Hz with 1-year follow-up. Right eye was randomly treated by AAPRK or TPRK. Postoperative assessment was performed on day 1 and 3, at 1st week, and 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months. Patients were assessed for pain, epithelial healing, visual acuity, corneal haze, astigmatic correction, higher order aberrations and contrast sensitivity.
Results: Epithelial healing was complete by the 3rd day in 62.1% of AAPRK eyes and in 89.7% of TPRK eyes. First day postoperative pain was higher in TPRK group (p = 0.0134). The decimal uncorrected visual acuity at 12 months was 1.47 ± 0.39 and 1.57 ± 0.38 in the AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively (p = 0.3719). Post-photorefractive keratectomy haze reached a final level of 0.04 ± 0.14 and 0.02 ± 0.1 in AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively (p = 0.5607). Contrast sensitivity was comparable in low and high frequency cycles per degree. Vector analysis of astigmatic correction showed correction index at one year of 0.99 and 1.05 for AAPRK and TPRK groups respectively.
Conclusions Alcohol assisted and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy have comparable results regarding safety and efficacy.

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the efficacy of endometrial carcinoma (EC) treatment, identifying prognostic factors for high risk patients is a high research priority. This study aimed to assess the relationships among the expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), Ki-67, and the different histopathological prognostic parameters in EC and to assess the value of these in the management of EC. METHODS: We examined 109 cases of EC. Immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67 were evaluated in relation to age, tumor size, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and grade, depth of infiltration, cervical and ovarian involvement, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and lymph node (LN) metastasis. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in this study was 59.8 ± 8.2 years. Low ER and PR expression scores and high Ki-67 expression showed highly significant associations with non-endometrioid histology (p = .007, p < .001, and p < .001, respectively) and poor differentiation (p = .007, p < .001, and p <. 001, respectively). Low PR score showed a significant association with advanced stage (p = .009). Low ER score was highly associated with LVSI (p = .006), and low PR scores were associated significantly with LN metastasis (p = .026). HER2 expression was significantly related to advanced stages (p = .04), increased depth of infiltration (p = .02), LVSI (p = .017), ovarian involvement (p = .038), and LN metastasis (p = .038). There was a close relationship between HER2 expression and uterine cervical involvement (p = .009). Higher Ki-67 values were associated with LN involvement (p = .012). CONCLUSIONS: The over-expression of HER2 and Ki-67 and low expression of ER and PR indicate a more malignant EC behavior. An immunohistochemical panel for the identification of high risk tumors can contribute significantly to prognostic assessments.
Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Obstetrics ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Receptors, Steroid

BACKGROUND: Although the exact mechanism of insulin resistance (IR) has not yet been established, IR is the hallmark characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between plasma ghrelin levels and IR in Saudi subjects with T2DM. METHODS: Patients with T2DM (n=107, cases) and non-diabetic apparently healthy subjects (n=101, controls) from Saudi Arabia were included in this study. The biochemical profiles and plasma insulin levels of all subjects were analyzed, and IR was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Active ghrelin levels in plasma were measured using the radioimmunoassay technique. RESULTS: Only 46.7% (50 of 107) of the T2DM subjects had IR, including 26% (28 of 107) with severe IR (HOMA-IR ≥5), while 5.9% (six of 101) of the controls had moderate IR (3 ≤HOMA-IR <5). HOMA-IR values were not associated with age, disease duration, or gender. Importantly, T2DM itself and the co-occurrence of IR with T2DM were significantly associated with low plasma ghrelin levels. However, ghrelin levels were inversely correlated with the HOMA-IR index, body weight, and fasting plasma insulin levels, mainly in the control subjects, which was indicative of the breakdown of metabolic homeostasis in T2DM. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IR was relatively low, and IR may be inversely associated with plasma ghrelin levels among Saudi patients with T2DM.
Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Fasting ; Ghrelin* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Plasma* ; Prevalence ; Radioimmunoassay ; Saudi Arabia

Objective: To evaluate the combination therapy of pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate against Babesia in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis was performed using atom pair fingerprints. An in vitro combination test was performed against Babesia bovis and Theileria equi. Moreover, the in vivo chemotherapeutic efficacy of pyronaridine tetraphosphate in combination with diminazene aceturate was investigated against the growth of Babesia microti in mice using a fluorescence inhibitory assay. Results: Pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate exhibited nearly similar molecular weights. The in vitro combination of pyronaridine tetraphosphate and diminazene aceturate was synergistic on Babesia bovis and additive on Theileria equi. In addition, 5 mg/kg pyronaridine tetraphosphate combined with 10 mg/kg diminazene aceturate inhibited Babesia microti growth significantly compared with those observed after treatment with 25 mg/kg diminazene aceturate alone from day 6 post treatment to day 12 post treatment. The combination therapy also normalized the hematological parameters of infected mice. Conclusions: An oral dose of pyronaridine tetraphosphate combined with a subcutaneous dose of diminazene aceturate inhibits Babesia in vitro and in mice, suggesting it might be a new paradigm for the treatment of babesiosis.