Purpose: This study investigated demographics, clinical profiles, imaging results, and treatment outcomes in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Methods: This retrospective analysis examined medical records of the patients with CCF from January 2016 to January 2022. The study included 51 cases: 34 traumatic and 17 spontaneous CCFs. Results: A total of 51 patients with CCFs was analyzed. Traumatic CCF (34 patients, 66.7%) was more common than spontaneous CCF (17 patients, 33.3%). Traumatic CCF predominantly affected male patients, while spontaneous CCF was more frequent in female patients (p = 0.005). Clinical signs including proptosis and lagophthalmos were more common in traumatic CCF, with significant differences in eye movement restriction (p = 0.006) and bruit (p = 0.008). According to the Barrow classification, all spontaneous CCF cases were categorized as types B, C, or D, whereas traumatic CCF was predominantly classified as type A (p < 0.001). Endovascular treatment was more effective than conservative treatment in reducing clinical signs of traumatic CCF (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in outcomes for spontaneous CCF between the two approaches. Conclusions Spontaneous CCF is less common than traumatic CCF in this study cohort. Traumatic and spontaneous CCF may have different clinical characteristics. Eye movement restriction and bruit are more frequently observed in traumatic CCF. After treatment for traumatic CCF, the incidence of proptosis, conjunctival abnormalities, and bruit is significantly lower in patients who undergo endovascular treatment compared to those who receive conservative management.

Purpose: This study investigated demographics, clinical profiles, imaging results, and treatment outcomes in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Methods: This retrospective analysis examined medical records of the patients with CCF from January 2016 to January 2022. The study included 51 cases: 34 traumatic and 17 spontaneous CCFs. Results: A total of 51 patients with CCFs was analyzed. Traumatic CCF (34 patients, 66.7%) was more common than spontaneous CCF (17 patients, 33.3%). Traumatic CCF predominantly affected male patients, while spontaneous CCF was more frequent in female patients (p = 0.005). Clinical signs including proptosis and lagophthalmos were more common in traumatic CCF, with significant differences in eye movement restriction (p = 0.006) and bruit (p = 0.008). According to the Barrow classification, all spontaneous CCF cases were categorized as types B, C, or D, whereas traumatic CCF was predominantly classified as type A (p < 0.001). Endovascular treatment was more effective than conservative treatment in reducing clinical signs of traumatic CCF (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in outcomes for spontaneous CCF between the two approaches. Conclusions Spontaneous CCF is less common than traumatic CCF in this study cohort. Traumatic and spontaneous CCF may have different clinical characteristics. Eye movement restriction and bruit are more frequently observed in traumatic CCF. After treatment for traumatic CCF, the incidence of proptosis, conjunctival abnormalities, and bruit is significantly lower in patients who undergo endovascular treatment compared to those who receive conservative management.

Purpose: This study investigated demographics, clinical profiles, imaging results, and treatment outcomes in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Methods: This retrospective analysis examined medical records of the patients with CCF from January 2016 to January 2022. The study included 51 cases: 34 traumatic and 17 spontaneous CCFs. Results: A total of 51 patients with CCFs was analyzed. Traumatic CCF (34 patients, 66.7%) was more common than spontaneous CCF (17 patients, 33.3%). Traumatic CCF predominantly affected male patients, while spontaneous CCF was more frequent in female patients (p = 0.005). Clinical signs including proptosis and lagophthalmos were more common in traumatic CCF, with significant differences in eye movement restriction (p = 0.006) and bruit (p = 0.008). According to the Barrow classification, all spontaneous CCF cases were categorized as types B, C, or D, whereas traumatic CCF was predominantly classified as type A (p < 0.001). Endovascular treatment was more effective than conservative treatment in reducing clinical signs of traumatic CCF (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in outcomes for spontaneous CCF between the two approaches. Conclusions Spontaneous CCF is less common than traumatic CCF in this study cohort. Traumatic and spontaneous CCF may have different clinical characteristics. Eye movement restriction and bruit are more frequently observed in traumatic CCF. After treatment for traumatic CCF, the incidence of proptosis, conjunctival abnormalities, and bruit is significantly lower in patients who undergo endovascular treatment compared to those who receive conservative management.

Purpose: This study investigated demographics, clinical profiles, imaging results, and treatment outcomes in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Methods: This retrospective analysis examined medical records of the patients with CCF from January 2016 to January 2022. The study included 51 cases: 34 traumatic and 17 spontaneous CCFs. Results: A total of 51 patients with CCFs was analyzed. Traumatic CCF (34 patients, 66.7%) was more common than spontaneous CCF (17 patients, 33.3%). Traumatic CCF predominantly affected male patients, while spontaneous CCF was more frequent in female patients (p = 0.005). Clinical signs including proptosis and lagophthalmos were more common in traumatic CCF, with significant differences in eye movement restriction (p = 0.006) and bruit (p = 0.008). According to the Barrow classification, all spontaneous CCF cases were categorized as types B, C, or D, whereas traumatic CCF was predominantly classified as type A (p < 0.001). Endovascular treatment was more effective than conservative treatment in reducing clinical signs of traumatic CCF (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in outcomes for spontaneous CCF between the two approaches. Conclusions Spontaneous CCF is less common than traumatic CCF in this study cohort. Traumatic and spontaneous CCF may have different clinical characteristics. Eye movement restriction and bruit are more frequently observed in traumatic CCF. After treatment for traumatic CCF, the incidence of proptosis, conjunctival abnormalities, and bruit is significantly lower in patients who undergo endovascular treatment compared to those who receive conservative management.

Purpose: This study investigated demographics, clinical profiles, imaging results, and treatment outcomes in patients with carotid cavernous fistula (CCF). Methods: This retrospective analysis examined medical records of the patients with CCF from January 2016 to January 2022. The study included 51 cases: 34 traumatic and 17 spontaneous CCFs. Results: A total of 51 patients with CCFs was analyzed. Traumatic CCF (34 patients, 66.7%) was more common than spontaneous CCF (17 patients, 33.3%). Traumatic CCF predominantly affected male patients, while spontaneous CCF was more frequent in female patients (p = 0.005). Clinical signs including proptosis and lagophthalmos were more common in traumatic CCF, with significant differences in eye movement restriction (p = 0.006) and bruit (p = 0.008). According to the Barrow classification, all spontaneous CCF cases were categorized as types B, C, or D, whereas traumatic CCF was predominantly classified as type A (p < 0.001). Endovascular treatment was more effective than conservative treatment in reducing clinical signs of traumatic CCF (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in outcomes for spontaneous CCF between the two approaches. Conclusions Spontaneous CCF is less common than traumatic CCF in this study cohort. Traumatic and spontaneous CCF may have different clinical characteristics. Eye movement restriction and bruit are more frequently observed in traumatic CCF. After treatment for traumatic CCF, the incidence of proptosis, conjunctival abnormalities, and bruit is significantly lower in patients who undergo endovascular treatment compared to those who receive conservative management.

Introduction: Bacteria had long been known to have tumour-targeting and tumour inhibition capabilities and have re-emerged into the limelight of cancer research as a possible alternative treatment for solid tumours. Conventional therapies for solid tumours are either by surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, which are very invasive and non-specific to the tumours and results in various adverse effects on the patients. Bacterial Mediated Tumour Therapy often utilises attenuated bacteria as therapeutic agents to ensure reduced pathogenicity of the strains. However, this often results in lower invasiveness towards the tumours itself. In this study, we studied the tumour inhibition capabilities of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI) attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and Salmonella Agona (S. Agona), specifically with attenuation of sopB, sopD, and pipD genes. Methods: Balb/c mice bearing CT26 tumours were inoculated with S. Typhimurium and S. Agona, both unattenuated and ΔsopBΔsopDΔpipD attenuated strains. Tumour volumes were monitored daily. Organs and blood were collected for plasma liver enzyme analysis and histopathology studies on testis, liver, kidneys and brain. Results: The ΔsopBΔsopDΔpipD S. Agona treated group showed improved inhibition of tumour growth with 51.11% tumour volume reduction compared to unattenuated S. Agona. The ΔsopBΔsopDΔpipD strains have also shown lesser systemic effects as observed in plasma and histopathological studies) compared to its unattenuated counterparts. Conclusion: The present study showed that ΔsopBΔsopDΔpipD S. Agona has a great potential to be utilised as tumour therapeutic agent as it exerts lesser systemic effect while having similar tumour inhibition capabilities as the well-studied S. Typhimurium strain.