Three linear strain gauges (KFR-02N-120-C1-23, Kyowa, Japan) were placed around the abutment of implant fixture and the maximum axial loads on the mandibular implants supporting overdentures were registered in experimental model when the overdenture was removed. The overdenture attachments used in this study wee Round bar, Hader bar, Dolder bar with and without spacer. The retention of bar attachment was measured using universal testing machine while being controlled by Activating set and Deactivator except in case of the Hader bar. Simultaneously strains were recorded with the strain smart program in strain P-6000 series (Measurement group, Raleigh, USA). The maximum axial load was calculated and compared with each other. The results were as follows: 1. The amount and the timing of the maximum axial loads were different between the right and left implant in all attachment systems. 2. The retention of bar attachment except Hader bar could be adjusted but the controllability was different among the attachment systems. 3. The more the axial load, the higher the retention with Hader bar and Dolder bar without spacer. but the tendency of increase was not shown with round bar and Dolder bar with spacer.
Denture, Overlay* ; Models, Theoretical

We inspected reliability of A-constant of AMO SI-30NB by comparing target diopter and actual postoperative refractive status. Group 1 comprised 191 eyes which were implanted AMO PhacoFlex SI-30NB with corneal incision. Group 2 comprised 45 eyes implanted Pharmacia 812C with scleral incisions. Group 3 comprised 17 eyes implanted AMO OgaciFlex SI-30NB with corneal incision. Refraction was performed on post operative day 1, day 5, day 14, 1 month, and 3 month. It revealed hyperopic shift of 0.31 to 0.40 diopter compared to the target diopters in both Group 1 and Group 3 and no statistical difference was found between two groups(p value>0.05). On the other hand, Group 2 were statistically significant(p value<0.01). We attempted mathematical modelling of this phenomenon and the cause of hyperopylene haptics, structural weakness of haptic-optic junction, and the structure of SI-30NB itself.
Hand ; Models, Theoretical

Stress distribution on mandibular implants supporting overdentures were registered in vitro experimental model by means of 4 rosette gauges which were placed around the implant. The overdenture attachments used in this study were the Resilient Dolder bar, Rigid Dolder bar, Round bar, Hader bar&Dal-Ro attachment. An occlusal jig was placed on the overdenture and the loading sites were 3 points which mimicked working, balancing, and median relations. With 5 and 10kg loading, strains were measured by strain indicator(P-3500, Measurement group, Raleigh, USA), and using these data, maximum and minimum principal stresses and Von Mises stress were calculated and evaluated. The results were as follows: There was a tendency of high stress concentration in the lingual side of the implant, and in the buccal side low stress was developed regardless of the attachment systems. The resilient Dolder bar concentrated highest stress among the attachment systems, and the Round bar and the Dal-Ro attachment provided comparatively low stresses around the implant. The rigid Dolder bar concentrated high stress in the mesial side, and the Dal-Ro attachment developed tensile stress patterns in the lingual and distal sides of the implant at the balancing relation.
Denture, Overlay* ; Models, Theoretical

No abstract available.
Gastroenteritis ; Models, Theoretical ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Gastroenteritis ; Models, Theoretical ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Models, Theoretical

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions of different amounts of Jinuni beans and fresh cream for the preparation of Jinuni bean chocolate. An experiment was designed using the central composite design of the response surface, which required 10 experimental treatments including 2 replicates for the Jinuni bean and fresh cream. The compositional and functional properties of the treatments were measured and these values were applied to the mathematical model. A canonical form and perturbation plot showed the influence of each ingredient on the mixture products. The color value L (Lightness) decreased with an increase in the amount of added Jinuni bean but the color value a (redness) and color value b (yellowness) did not change. In addition, the hardness value increased with the addition of the Jinuni bean. The results of the sensory evaluation showed very significant differences in the values of the texture (p< 0.01), taste (p<0.05), and overall quality (p<0.01). As a result, the optimum formulations as determined by the numerical and graphical methods were 27.98 g of Jinuni bean and 67.0 g of fresh cream.
Cacao ; Fabaceae ; Hardness ; Models, Theoretical

A common complaint of older listeners is that they can hear speech, yet cannot understand it, especially when listening to speech in a background noise. When target and competing speech signals are concurrently presented, a difference in the fundamental frequency (DeltaF0) between competing speech signals, which determines the pitch of voice, can be an important and commonly occurring cue to facilitate the separation of the target message from the interfering message, consequently improving intelligibility of the target message. To address the question of whether the older listeners have reduced ability to use DeltaF0 and how the age-related deficits in the processing of DeltaF0 are theoretically explained, this paper is divided into three parts. The first part of this article summarizes how the speech-communication difficulties that older listeners have are theoretically explained. In the second part, literatures on the perceptual benefits from DeltaF0 and the age-related deficits on the use of DeltaF0 are reviewed. As a final part, three theoretical models explaining the general processing of DeltaF0 are compared to discuss which better explains the age-related deficits in the processing of DeltaF0.
Cues ; Models, Theoretical ; Noise ; Voice

A mathematical model is presented for the calculation of the depth absorbed dose in water phantom irradiated by high energy Photon beam(10MV X-ray), based on transport theory. The parameters of this model are obtained from the experimental values which were simulated by non-linear regression process method. The calculated absorbed dose distribution is extended to 3-D by using trial function from beam profile field sizes, SSD and depth in water phantom irradiated by high energy Photon beam. The calculated values using this model are in good agreement with the measured values.
Models, Theoretical ; Silver Sulfadiazine ; Water

OBJECTIVETo introduce the nature and its application of a multilevel model.

METHODSData was analyzed from a baseline survey of smoking behavior among middle school students sponsored by a WHO smoking controll project. Multilevel analysis was used on available data and to compare the results from logistic regression.

RESULTSThe outcomes of null multilevel model approved that there was hierarchical structure on data. The influencing factors of middle school students smoking appeared to be gender, age, attitude, environment and public education at schools. When the variable of public education by classes was not included, the standard errors by multilevel analysis became smaller than the corresponding standard errors through logistic regression method.

CONCLUSIONMultilevel model seemed a good method for analyzing data with hierarchical or cluster structure, it could be applied in stratified or cluster sampling of epidemiological or community-based investigation.