In the 1960-70s, South Korea was still in the position of a science latecomer. Although the scientific research environment in South Korea at that time was insufficient, there was a scientist who achieved outcomes that could be recognized internationally while acting in South Korea. He was Ho Wang Lee(1928~ ) who found Hantann Virus that causes epidemic hemorrhagic fever for the first time in the world. It became a clue to identify causative viruses of hemorrhagic diseases that were scattered here and there throughout the world. In addition, these outcomes put Ho Wang Lee on the global center of research into epidemic hemorrhagic fever. This paper examines how a Korean scientist who was in the periphery of virology could go into the central area of virology. Also this article shows the process through which the virus found by Ho Wang Lee was registered with the international academia and he proceeded with follow-up research based on this progress to reach the level at which he generalized epidemic hemorrhagic fever related studies throughout the world. While he was conducting the studies, experimental methods that he had never experienced encountered him as new difficulties. He tried to solve the new difficulties faced in his changed status through devices of cooperation and connection. Ho Wang Lee's growth as a researcher can be seen as well as a view of a researcher that grew from a regional level to an international level and could advance from the area of non-mainstream into the mainstream. This analytic tool is meaningful in that it can be another method of examining the growth process of scientists in South Korea or developing countries.
Developing Countries ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hantaan virus ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome* ; Korea* ; Methods ; Virology

This paper analyzes the research process of Kim Chung Yong (henceforth referred to as KIM), who presented the hepatitis B vaccine in South Korea. In South Korea, which had been called the Hepatitis Kingdom, KIM developed a vaccine material for hepatitis B. Through his research achievements, South Korea, emerged from a country ignorant of hepatitis to a country with a hepatitis B vaccine. It is not easy to achieve remarkable results in developing countries where scientific development is lagging. This environment, however, helped KIM achieve his research. This article explains that the two circumstances affected his achievement in his research.
First, KIM got a chance to study in the U.S. when he was his starting as a researcher. In the 1960s, the scientific and medical education environment in Korea was still poor. KIM left for Harvard University with the support of CMB, where he was able to advance his studies. This experience was an opportunity to further enhance his research skills. Second, Korea’s poor health and hygiene environment in the 1970s worked in favor of verifying the effectiveness of vaccine materials he developed. South Korea, where hepatitis B was prevalent, became a good research site to secure enough test subjects. KIM also used blood sellers to find out the effects of the vaccine material he developed. Blood sellers are people who earn their living by selling their own blood and were commonly found in Korea at that time. The situation in Korea in the 1970s with prevailing hepatitis and the presence of blood sellers played an important role in KIM's research. His research on vaccine development for hepatitis B was hard to imagine in the scientific research environment of South Korea at the time. However, it was also this context and environment of South Korea at the time that enabled his achievement of developing a hepatitis B vaccine.

This study analyzes the annual reports of CMB in order to examine CMB’s assistance of Korea. CMB originally assisted medical education in China, and it turned to assist Asia with changes in the international situation. This paper examines three periods spanning from 1953 to 1980 when Korea received CMB assist. The first period was from 1953 to 1962, when Korea received help with material resources that were lacking after the Korean War. The second period was from 1963 to 1972 during which the scale of assistance further expanded. Additionally, Seoul National University began to have human resources with the necessary support for education and research with the assistance from CMB. The third period was from 1973 to 1980, when the CMB newly established the overall direction of aid, the contents of assistance for Korea also changed. Throughout this period, Korean medicine was able to lay the foundation for independence, and public health, including community medicine, came to be considered as an important aspect of society.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nursing practice environment, resilience, job stress, communication skills, and managerial competence of frontline nurse managers and identify factors influencing their managerial competence. METHODS: A descriptive research was carried out with 148 frontline nurse managers in six general hospitals. From August 16 to October 7, 2016 data were collected using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression using IBM SPSS/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: Managerial competence of frontline nurse managers was positively correlated with nursing practice environment (r=.41 p < .001), resilience (r=.45, p < .001), communication skills (r=.38, p < .001) and was negatively correlated with job stress (r=−.27, p < .001). The factors influencing managerial competence were nursing practice environment (β=.29, p=.002) and resilience (β=.28, p=.007) in that order. The input variables explained 30.8% of managerial competence. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a policy guideline is needed to enhance managerial competence of frontline nurse managers. The policy guideline should include achieving an adequate level of nurse staffing to improve the nursing practice environment and providing frontline nurse managers with educational support and administrative assistance to increase their resilience.
Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Mental Competency ; Nurse Administrators ; Nursing ; Professional Competence

Purpose: We describe the clinical features of patients with rhinogenic optic neuropathy caused by paranasal sinus disease. Methods: Nine patients (11 eyes) diagnosed with rhinogenic optic neuropathy were retrospectively reviewed. All exhibited sphenoid or posterior ethmoid sinus lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and corresponding visual acuity or visual field defects. Patients with other causes of optic neuropathy were excluded. We recorded symptoms and symptom durations, best-corrected visual acuity, relative afferent pupillary defects, color vision test results, fundus morphology, optical coherence tomographic data, and visual field test results before and after endoscopic sinus surgery. Results: The involved sinuses were the sphenoid alone (five eyes), posterior ethmoid alone (two eyes), and both (four eyes). The underlying sinus pathologies included six eyes with sinusitis and three with mucoceles. The best-corrected visual acuity exceeded 20/40 for nine eyes, the color vision test results were normal for all eyes, and relative afferent pupillary defects were noted in three eyes of unilaterally affected patients. The Humphrey visual field test revealed paracentral scotomas (three eyes, 27.3%), nasal defects related to the vertical meridian (three eyes, 27.3%), arcuate defects (two eyes, 18.2%), and a horizontal altitudinal defect (one eye, 9.1%). Six patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Three patients who underwent early interventions (within 4 weeks of onset) experienced full visual recovery. Conclusions In patients with suspected optic neuropathy, a paranasal sinus lesion adjacent to the optic canal should be considered. Prompt diagnosis and early intervention (endoscopic sinus surgery) are recommended for patients with rhinogenic optic neuropathy to reduce the incidences of visual loss and visual field defects.

Purpose: We describe the clinical features of patients with rhinogenic optic neuropathy caused by paranasal sinus disease. Methods: Nine patients (11 eyes) diagnosed with rhinogenic optic neuropathy were retrospectively reviewed. All exhibited sphenoid or posterior ethmoid sinus lesions on magnetic resonance imaging and corresponding visual acuity or visual field defects. Patients with other causes of optic neuropathy were excluded. We recorded symptoms and symptom durations, best-corrected visual acuity, relative afferent pupillary defects, color vision test results, fundus morphology, optical coherence tomographic data, and visual field test results before and after endoscopic sinus surgery. Results: The involved sinuses were the sphenoid alone (five eyes), posterior ethmoid alone (two eyes), and both (four eyes). The underlying sinus pathologies included six eyes with sinusitis and three with mucoceles. The best-corrected visual acuity exceeded 20/40 for nine eyes, the color vision test results were normal for all eyes, and relative afferent pupillary defects were noted in three eyes of unilaterally affected patients. The Humphrey visual field test revealed paracentral scotomas (three eyes, 27.3%), nasal defects related to the vertical meridian (three eyes, 27.3%), arcuate defects (two eyes, 18.2%), and a horizontal altitudinal defect (one eye, 9.1%). Six patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Three patients who underwent early interventions (within 4 weeks of onset) experienced full visual recovery. Conclusions In patients with suspected optic neuropathy, a paranasal sinus lesion adjacent to the optic canal should be considered. Prompt diagnosis and early intervention (endoscopic sinus surgery) are recommended for patients with rhinogenic optic neuropathy to reduce the incidences of visual loss and visual field defects.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the physical function test differences between the faller group and the nonfaller group in a sample of the community-dwelling elderly METHODS: This study used a nonexperimental two-group-comparative study design. The participants were 356 people aged 65 years and over living in an urban area. From May to December 2010, data were collected through personal interviews using questionnaires and measurements of muscle strength, physical endurance, flexibility, motor agility and dynamic balance, and static balance. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi square analysis, and t test. RESULTS: Upper muscle strength was significantly weaker in the faller group (p < .05). Lower muscle strength was significantly weaker in the faller group; both hip flexion (p = .004), knee extension (Right: p = .004; Left: p = .031), left ankle plantar flexion (p = .045), and left ankle inversion (p = .036). Tandem standing with eyes opened and closed was significantly shorter, indicating decreased static balance in the faller group. CONCLUSION: Nurses should make efforts to implement exercise programs focused on physical fitness enhancement for community-dwelling elderly adults for fall prevention.
Accidental Falls ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Ankle ; Eye ; Hip ; Humans ; Knee ; Muscle Strength ; Physical Endurance ; Physical Fitness ; Pliability ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We present three cases of concurrent Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and B-lineage lymphoid cell infiltrations and/or nodules in the bone marrow. The first patient was a 25-month-old boy who presented with LCH on the right shoulder and multiple osteolytic lesions. Bone marrow biopsy showed the presence of LCH and two large lymphoid nodules of B-lineage, which were located in the paratrabecular region. Both LCH and the lymphoid nodules resolved after treatment with prednisone, vinblastine, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide. The second patient was a 7-month-old girl who presented with LCH in the scalp and bone marrow. In spite of the treatment, a follow-up bone marrow analysis performed after 16 months showed LCH and increased B-lineage lymphoid cells in the interstitial area. The third patient was a 26-month-old girl, and imaging studies revealed reddish skin lesions and multiple osteolytic lesions. Skin biopsy and bone marrow biopsy did not show the presence of LCH; however, we initiated the treatment on the basis of the results of imaging studies. The follow-up study after 6 months showed the presence of LCH and large, patchy infiltration of B-lymphoid cells. We report three rare cases of concurrent bone marrow involvement of LCH and B-lineage lymphoid proliferation, which strongly suggest lymphoid malignancy. Further, clonal changes should be studied to elucidate the common pathogenic mechanism between the two diseases.
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/*pathology ; Bone Marrow/immunology/*pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell/*diagnosis/drug therapy/pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Methotrexate/therapeutic use ; Prednisone/therapeutic use ; Vinblastine/therapeutic use

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure person-centered critical care nursing and verify its reliability and validity. METHODS: A total of 38 preliminary items on person-centered critical care nursing were selected using content validity analysis of and expert opinion on 72 candidate items derived through literature review and qualitative interviews. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 477 nurses who worked in intensive care units. The collected data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmative factor analysis (CFA) with SPSS and AMOS 24.0 program. RESULTS: EFA was performed with principal axis factor analysis and Varimax rotation. The 15 items in 4 factors that accounted for 50.8% of the total variance were identified by deleting the items that were not meet the condition that the commonality should be .30 or more and the factor loading over .40. We named the factors as compassion, individuality, respect, and comfort, respectively. The correlation coefficient between this scale and the Caring Perception Scale was r=.57 (p < .001), which determined concurrent validity. The item-total correlation values ranged from .39 to .63, and the internal consistency for the scale was Cronbach's α=.84. CONCLUSION: The reliability and validity of the 15 item person-centered critical care nursing scale were verified. It is expected that the use of this scale would expand person-centered care in critical care nursing.
Critical Care Nursing* ; Critical Care* ; Empathy ; Expert Testimony ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Individuality ; Intensive Care Units ; Patient-Centered Care ; Reproducibility of Results

Since the confirmation of the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient on January 20 2020, COVID-19 infection rate ramped up between February and March in South Korea. This study aimed to provide information on the characteristics of the first two months of COVID-19 prevalence in South Korea and attempted to comprehend preliminary evidence from various sources. We used public data available from the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention and situation reports from the World Health Organization from February to March 2020. For additional information, health utilization data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development was used for subgroup analysis. A proportion of meta-analysis was performed. We searched literatures from PubMed, KoreaMed, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) for identifying epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 and treatment strategies. We monitored domestic and global disease control institutions’ recommendations. The search results and reports were updated every two weeks. In South Korea, the ratio of confirmed cases is divided into two groups; before and after the occurrence of a large cluster infection explosion on February 17 2020 from a religious group called the Shincheonji Church. After the global pandemic announcement by World Health Organization on March 11 2020, the fatality rate of COVID-19 seems to be related to the number of beds and general hospitals. From the literature review, we identified a strong reproduction rate, asymptomatic period or infection, rate of exacerbation, and current treatments. The COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea was inevitable, but the early explosion of infection showed the decline curve afforded by the rigorous tracing, widespread testing, and well-organized health care system.