OBJECTIVES: The intention of this study was to find out the impact of mother's body mass index, eating habits, nutrition status and sociodemographic factors on the body mass index of the children. METHODS: The study used original data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2011) and had 957 children in the ages of 1-5 years and 957 mothers of these children, a total 1,914 as subjects. The weights (body mass indexes) of the children, subjects under 5th percentile were classified into a underweight group, 5~84th percentile into a normal weight group, 85-94th percentile into an overweight group and more than 95th percentile into an obesity group based on the 2007 Korean children and adolescents growth chart. RESULTS: We observed that when the body mass index of a mother increased by 1, the possibility that her child would belong to the overweight group increased by 6.5% (95% confidence interval: 1.01~1.13), and the possibility that the child would belong to the obesity group increased by 95% (confidence interval: 1.01~1.18). With regard to the number of deficient nutrients which were ingested according to estimated average requirements (EAR) amid nutrients ingested by the mother increased by 1, the possibility that the child would belong to the obesity group increased by 16.6% (95% confidence interval: 1.01~1.35). In case the birth weight of child increased by 1kg, the odds ratio that the child would belong to the obesity group was 2.022 (95% confidence interval: 1.08~3.77). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the body mass index, eating habits and nutrition status of the mother had significant effects on the body mass index of the child. Therefore, it is critical to recognize the importance of this observation and provide practical training for eating habits and nutrient intakes in order to achieve healthy growth and prevention of obesity among children.
Adolescent ; Birth Weight ; Body Mass Index* ; Child* ; Eating* ; Growth Charts ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea* ; Mothers* ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritional Status* ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Overweight ; Thinness ; Weights and Measures

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: The authors aimed to identify the factors affecting interhospital transfer (“transfer”) of severe pediatric patients who visited to an emergency department (ED). Methods: Using the Korean National ED Information System, we analyzed high-acuity patients aged 18 years or younger who visited EDs of local or regional emergency centers nationwide. The high acuity was defined as a Korean Triage and Acuity Scale 1-2. To investigate the factors associated with transfer, a multilevel modeling was selected, examining independent variables at both individual- and hospital-levels with transfer as a dependent variable. Results: A model consisting of variables at individual- and hospital-levels showed the factors as follows: mode of arrival(self-transport: odds ratio, 0.48 [95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.61]; other ambulances: 0.41 [0.24-0.71]; compared with firehouse ambulance), visit at 18:00-07:59 (0.75 [0.64-0.88]), intentional injury (1.59 [1.03-2.47]; compared with non-injury), decreased level of consciousness (drowsy: 1.94 [1.33-2.84]; stupor: 4.08 [2.99-5.57]; coma: 1.81 [1.26-2.60]; compared with alert), severe illness diagnosis (1.49 [1.12-1.98]), the number of all beds in EDs (1.02 [1.01-1.04]), and acceptance for treatment (0.92 [0.87-0.98]; with increment of 1%). Conclusion This study confirms that both individual-level and hospital-level factors affect the transfer risk of severe pediatric patients in EDs. The study suggests the needs for direct transportation to specialized pediatric treatment facilities, and concentrated support for the pediatric emergency medical centers and pediatric trauma centers.

Genipin, an aglycone derived from geniposide found in Gardenia jasminoides, is known to be an excellent natural cross-linker, strong apoptosis inducer, and antiviral agent. Although evidence suggests antiviral activity of genipin in several in vitro viral infection systems, there have been few literatures which review antitumor effects of genipin in a variety of in vitro/in vivo models of cancers yet. In this review, we present some of the latest findings in the studies of genipin focusing on antitumor effects and its mechanisms. In brief, genipin inhibits mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 to increase accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to ROS/c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent apoptosis of cancer cells. Genipin also increase tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (MMP), resulting to decrease activities of MMP-2 which plays a key role in metastasis of cancers. Genipin has shown a biphasic effects on cell death and survival in cancer cells as many other plant-derived phytochemicals do. Finally we discuss the potential of genipin as a promosing novel antitumor agent which could be applicable to chemotherapy and/or chemoprevention for cancers.
Apoptosis ; Cell Death ; Chemoprevention ; Drug Therapy ; Gardenia ; In Vitro Techniques ; Metalloproteases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phytochemicals ; Reactive Oxygen Species

Objective: The Public Health Disaster Response Team (PHDRT) has been organized by the Community Health Center since 2016 under the National Disaster Response Frame. They are mobilized when a Mass-Casualty-Incident is expected to occur. This study sheds light on the disaster medical system by analyzing the awareness of the PHDRT on the disaster medical management capacity. Methods: To develop the questionnaire, a literature review was conducted. The questionnaire was distributed and obtained after inspecting the survey questionnaire filled out by the PHDRT. There were 254 samples. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Results: Research has proven that the awareness of the disaster medical management capacity was 3.11 (rating 1-5). In detail, organizational capacity received the highest agreement score (3.54±0.84), while the budget and organization management was below the midpoint (2.73±0.83). Significant positive correlations were found between the capacity components, particularly the organizational capacity and cooperation system (r=0.71, P<0.01). The awareness was significantly different according to sex, age, job (type), total career, and task weight. The factors influencing the awareness of disaster medical management capacity included age, total career, and task weight. Conclusion The findings from awareness analysis suggest that national and systemic supports, as well as personal efforts, are necessary to strengthen the disaster medical management capacity.

BACKGROUND: The photolithography process in the semiconductor industry uses various chemicals with little information on their constitution. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of photoresist (PR) products and their by-products and to compare these constituents with material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and analytical results. METHODS: A total of 51 PRs with 48 MSDSs were collected. Analysis consisted of two parts: First, the constituents of the chemical products were identified and analyzed using MSDS data; second, for verification of the by-products of PR, volatile organic compounds were analyzed. The chemical constituents were categorized according to hazards. RESULTS: Forty-five of 48 products contained trade secrets in amounts ranging from 1 to 65%. A total of 238 ingredients with multiple counting (35 ingredients without multiple counting) were identified in the MSDS data, and 48.7% of ingredients were labeled as trade secrets under the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Act. The concordance rate between the MSDS data and the analytical result was 41.7%. The by-product analysis identified 129 chemicals classified according to Chemical Abstracts Service No., with 17 chemicals that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reprotoxic substances. Formaldehyde was found to be released from 12 of 21 products that use novolak resin. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that several PRs contain carcinogens, and some were not specified in the toxicological information in the MSDS. Hazardous chemicals, including benzene and formaldehyde, are released from PRs products as by-products. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic management system for chemical compounds and the working environment.
Benzene ; Carcinogens ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Formaldehyde ; Hazardous Substances ; Korea ; Material Safety Data Sheets ; Occupational Health ; Semiconductors ; Volatile Organic Compounds