PURPOSE: Purposes of this study were to develop a Nurse Emotional Labor Strategy Scale in Korean (K-NELSS) and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: The 14 items Emotional Labor Strategy Scale (ELSS) was translated into Korean and modified to apply to nurses. Two hundred and fifty nurses working in various units completed the questionnaire. Factor validity using confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity using correlation with burn-out, and criterion validity using correlation with Korean-Emotional Labor Scale (K-ELS) were identified. Reliability was tested by Cronbach's α. RESULTS: K-NELSS has 3 domains: surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions. Confirmatory factor analysis showed moderate goodness of fit (RMSEA=.80, SRMR=.07, CFI=93, TFI=.92). Correlation between surface acting and burn-out was r=.37 (p < .001), and between K-NELSS and K-ELS were r=.57 (p < .001) in surface action and r=.62 (p < .001) in deep acting. Cronbach's αs for surface acting, deep acting, and expression of naturally felt emotions were .89, .88, .84, respectively. CONCLUSION: Psychometric properties of K-NELSS indicate that it is a useful and reliable tool to assess emotional labor of Korean nurses. In addition, with a small number of items, it is relatively easy to use.
Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a monoamine neurotransmitter, regulates neurological functions such as mood, sleep, and appetite. Erythropoietin (EPO) is well known for erythropoiesis but has recently emerged as a therapeutic agent in brain diseases. However, the mechanisms that induce EPO in the brain remain unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the effects of 5-HT involve EPO in murine hippocampal neurons. 5-HT produced a significant increase in neuronal differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Expression of erythropoietin was increased in 5-HT-treated cells as well. The actions of 5-HT and EPO appeared to be similar in neurite outgrowth and spine formation. In addition, we show that hippocampal expression of EPO was decreased by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and that antidepressant treatment to maintain 5-HT concentration in synaptic cleft reversed this effect. In conclusion, actions of antidepressants might involve EPO induction in the brain.
Animals ; Antidepressive Agents ; Appetite ; Brain ; Brain Diseases ; Depression ; Erythropoiesis ; Erythropoietin ; Hippocampus ; Mice ; Neurites ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Serotonin ; Spine ; Stem Cells

OBJECTIVES: In this study the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and the unmet health care needs of elderly individuals (≥ 65 years) was examined. Some previous studies suggested that neighborhood characteristics affect access to health care, yet research on the unmet needs of older individuals is limited. METHODS: Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of neighborhood-level factors with unmet health care needs due to costs, adjusting for individual-level factors, in individuals ≥ 65 years in the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey (n = 63,388). RESULTS: There were 2.6% of elderly individuals who experienced unmet health care needs due to costs. Following adjustment for individual and neighborhood characteristics, the neighborhood deprivation in urban areas was found to have an inverse association with unmet needs (odds ratio = 0.50; 95% confidence interval = 0.24–1.06) for the most deprived quartile versus the least deprived quartile). However, in rural areas neighborhood deprivation was not a significant variable. Among the individual-level variables, household income was one of the strongest correlates with unmet needs in both urban and rural areas. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that targeted policy interventions reflecting both neighborhood and individual characteristics, should be implemented to reduce the unmet health care needs of elderly individuals.
Aged ; Delivery of Health Care ; Family Characteristics ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Multilevel Analysis ; Residence Characteristics

A previous animal study has shown the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) and its non-erythropoietic carbamylated derivative (CEPO) on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of EPO on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and to compare the ability of EPO and CEPO promoting dendrite elongation in cultured hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Two-month-old male BALB/c mice were given daily injections of EPO (5 U/g) for seven days and were sacrificed 12 hours after the final injection. Proliferation assays demonstrated that EPO treatment increased the density of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) compared to that in vehicle-treated controls. Functional differentiation studies using dissociated hippocampal cultures revealed that EPO treatment also increased the number of double-labeled BrdU/microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) neurons compared to those in vehicle-treated controls. Both EPO and CEPO treatment significantly increased the length of neurites and spine density in MAP2(+) cells. In summary, these results provide evidences that EPO and CEPO promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. These suggest that EPO and CEPO could be a good candidate for treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety associated with neuronal atrophy and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis.
Adult ; Animals ; Anxiety ; Atrophy ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Dendrites ; Dentate Gyrus ; Depression ; Erythropoietin ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Neurites ; Neurogenesis ; Neurons ; Spine ; Stem Cells

3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these behavioral actions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CPP rapidly stimulates histone deacetylase (HDAC) 5 phosphorylation and nuclear export in rat hippocampal neurons. These effects are accompanied by calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation. Behavioral experiments revealed that viral-mediated hippocampal knockdown of HDAC5 blocked the antidepressant effects of CPP in stressed animals. Taken together, our results imply that CPP acts via HDAC5 and suggest that HDAC5 is a common regulator contributing to the antidepressant actions of NMDA receptor antagonists such as CPP.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Depression ; Hippocampus ; Histone Deacetylases* ; Histones* ; Models, Animal ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons ; Phosphorylation* ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein Kinases ; Rats

Background: Regeneration of soft tissue defects is essential for adipose tissue pathologies and disease, trauma, or injury-induced damage. Here, we show that umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells could potentially be tailored and used for the reconstruction of specific damaged sites. Adipogenesis can be exploited in soft tissue reconstruction. Also, primary cilia play a role in the control of adipogenesis. Methods: The adipogenic differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was shown to influence ciliogenesis. MSCs transfected with intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) small interfering RNA (siRNA), which blocks the assembly and maintenance of cilia, were examined to confirm the relationship between adipogenesis and ciliogenesis. Also, 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM), calcium chelator, inhibited the ciliogenesis of MSCs in adipogenic differentiation. Results: IFT88-knockdown led to decreased cilia formation and limitation of cilia elongation in adipogenesis. Additionally, intracellular calcium triggered cilia formation in MSCs adipogenesis. Interestingly, intracellular calcium cannot overcome the inhibition of adipogenesis caused by low numbers of cilia in MSCs. Conclusion Our data suggested that ciliogenesis was negatively regulated by Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling during adipogenesis. Thus, we suggest that calcium induction triggers adipogenesis and ciliogenesis.