OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicopathological implications of Rb pathway alteration and E2F-1 expression in Epithelial ovarian cancer using immunohistochemical staining. METHODS: Tissue samples (n=72) were collected after staging operation between 1998 and 2004. RESULTS: In 72 cases, the overall expression of pRb, and E2F-1 were 59.7% (43/72), and 58.3% (42/72), respectively. pRb expression was inversely correlated with stage, histologic grade and mitotic index. E2F-1 expression was correlated with advanced stages, high grade, mitotic index, Ki-67 labeling index (LI). CONCLUSION: We suggest that Rb pathway alteration and E2F-1 expression could play roles as a new prognostic factors in Epithelial ovarian cancer.
Mitotic Index ; Ovarian Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal conditions of human chromosomal analysis protocol in peripheral blood sample. METHODS: The experiments were made with the variations of phytohaemagglutinin, colcemid, ethidium bromide concentration and the variations of hypotonic solution exposure time. RESULTS: In the experiment on the optimal phytohaemagglutinin concentration, the highest mitotic index in the overall collected cells was obtained in phytohaemagglutinin concentration 15microL/ml. In the experiment on the concentration of mitotic arrestant colcemid, the proper chromosomal state that is meta phase stage and doesn't have many chromosomal crossings or tangles was obtained in colcemid concentration 0.05microg/ml. In the experiment on the optimal exposure time of hypotonic solution(0.075M KCl) treatment, the most suitable intervals between chromosomes were subtained in 20 minutes. In the experiment on the optimal concentration of ethidium bromide to obtain minute chromosomal bands, the best result was when ethidium bromide concentration 5microg/ml or 7.5microg/ml was addition to colcemid concentration 0.02microg/ml. CONCLUSION: The combination of phytohaemagglutinin 15microL/ml, colcemid 0.05microg/ml, hypotonic solution exposure time for 20 minutes is important to the collection of appropriate chromosome state in human chromosomal analysis using peripheral blood. In the case that needs to obtain minute bands, the elongated chromosomes are obtained when ethidium bromide 5microg/ml or 7.5microg/ml in addition to colcemid concentration 0.02microg/ml with the same conditions of phytohaemagglutinin and hypotonic solution.
Demecolcine ; Ethidium ; Humans ; Mitotic Index

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood is the most frequently used specimen for routine chromosome analysis. The classical method using flask for cell culture needs a lot of reagent and is cumbersome. To simplify the procedure, we tried using culture tube and modifying the fixation method. The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of the modified method using culture tube for chromosome analysis of peripheral blood. METHODS: We tested peripheral blood of ten normal healthy persons. In the modified method, culture tube (110 mm 16 mm, Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) containing 2.25 mL RPMI 1640 supplemented with fetal calf serum and phytohemagglutinin was used. Harvest was done in the culture tube. Fixative 2.0 mL was added without centrifugation after hypotonic treatment. After 10 min incubation at room temperature, the cells were pelleted and washed. This method was compared with the reference method using flask. We evaluated the quality of chromosome and calculated mitotic index. RESULTS: Chromosome quality of the modified method using culture tube was good and the same as that of the reference method. Mitotic index was higher in the modified method (1.0~4.3%, mean 2.5%) than in the reference method (0.4~2.2%, mean 1.2%) (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The modified method needs less amount of reagent and is easy to do. The chromosome quality was good enough to evaluate the karyotype. So, this modification enable to improve the effectiveness of chromosome laboratory.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Centrifugation ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Mitotic Index

The relationship between the prognostic factors and recurrence was investigated in the followup study of patients with 51 superficial (stage Ta to T1) transitional cell bladder carcinomas for more than 3 years. WHO grade, modified Bergkvist grade and number of tumor were related to mitotic indices( p <0.05), but size of tumor was related to MAI only(p<0.05) In univariate analysis of prognostic factors, mitotic indices, number of tumor and posterior wall involvement were related to 3-year recurrence(p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis of prognostic factors, which were significantly related in univariate analysis, VCM and posterior wall involvement were related to 3-year recurrence and their hazard ratios were 9.33 times and 6.16 times In recurrence-free survival curve of prognostic factors, mitotic indices, number of tumor and posterior wall involvement were related (p <0.05). In classifying WHO grade 2 according to modified Bergkvist grade and mitotic indices, they were related to recurrence (p <0.05). The results show that superficial transitional cell bladder carcinomas can be efficiently categorized into prognostic groups by mitotic indices and the results provide a new classification system for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinomas.
Classification ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mitotic Index* ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recurrence ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

Trichilemmal carcinoma is a rare adnexal tumor originating from outer root sheath of hair follicle. We report a case of trichilemmal carcinoma occurring on the scalp. A 71-year-old women presented with a nodule on the vertex of scalp. Histopathologically, tumor cells showed a lobular proliferation in continuity with the epidermis. The lobules showed peripheral palisading and trichilemmal keratinization. The prominent tumor cells were large cells with PAS-reactive, diastase-sensitive, clear cytoplasm. Striking cytologic atypia and high mitotic index were found. Total excision was done and the patient has been free of recurrence or metastasis for 1 year.
Aged ; Cytoplasm ; Epidermis ; Female ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Mitotic Index ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Scalp ; Strikes, Employee

BACKGROUND: The KCl hypotonic treatment is important for swelling the cells and adequate spreading of chromosomes on the slide. Cytogenetic laboratory usually use 0.075M KCl solution. Sometimes, it is difficult to obtain enough and good quality of metaphase cells, because of inadequate hypotonic treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mitotic index and band resolution according to the different KCl concentration. METHODS: The group I included blood specimens obtained from 14 newborns (median age 1 day, range 1-8 days) and 4 cord blood. The group II included 16 persons whose median age was 28 years (1-37 years). The blood was cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with fetal calf serum and phytohemagglutinin for 72 hours. Mitosis was arrested by adding colcemid (100 ng/mL). The hypotonic treatment was done by adding different KCl concentration such as 0.075M, 0.068M and 0.057M for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. The mitotic index was calculated as the number of metaphase cells per total 1,000 cells. The band resolution was evaluated by 2 persons independently. RESULTS: For group I, the mitotic index was not different according to the KCl concentration; 0.075M, 18.8 (5.5~31.5); 0.068M, 22.3 (11~32.5); 0.057M, 20.5 (2.5~29), (P=0.137). The proportion of cells with 400 or more band resolution was significantly higher in specimens treated with 0.068M KCl than those treated with 0.075M KCl; 0.075M, 67.8% (56~92.5); 0.068M, 73.6% (46.1~84.6); 0.057M, 71.6% (63~89.2), (P=0.027). For group II, the results were similar to those of group I. The mitotic index was as follows; 0.075M, 22.3 (5~28); 0.068M, 26 (4~34.5); 0.057M, 21.5 (2.5~36.5), (P=0.568). The proportion of cells with 400 or more band resolution was as follows; 0.075M, 66.6% (42.8~83.3); 0.068M, 69.7% (54.3~87.5); 0.057M, 68.2% (50~78.6) (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: For 0.068M or 0.057M KCl treatment, band resolution was improved, while the mitotic index was similar to that of 0.075M KCl. We suggest use of 0.068M or 0.057M KCl hypotonic treatment in addition to 0.075M KCl for chromosome preparation of peripheral blood.
Cytogenetics ; Demecolcine ; Fetal Blood ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Metaphase ; Mitosis ; Mitotic Index*

Sister chromatid exchanges(SCEs) and cell cycle kinetics were proposed as a sensitive and quantitative assay for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in short-term cultures of phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the relation between the cytotoxic effects and sister chromatid exchanges. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The frequency of SCEs per cell are 13.1+/-2.8 in the lower concentration of 6.25x10(-9) M and 75.8+/-8.2 in the highest concentration of 1.00+/-10(-7) M. Mitotic index is decreased in the higher concentration of mitomycin C. The result indicates that mitomycin C led to a dose dependent increase in SCE frequency, but decrease in mitotic index. 2) Chromosomal analysis was performed on metaphase cells that have divided one, two, and three or more times for cell cycle kinetics by fluorescence-plus-Giemsa(FPG) technique. According to the increased but the cells of third division are greatly decreased. 3) The frequency of SCEs per chromosome by chromocomal group are decreased gradually from A group to G group. But relationships between specific chromosomal group and SCEs frequency are not found.
Cell Cycle ; Chromatids ; Humans ; Humans* ; Kinetics ; Lymphocytes ; Metaphase ; Mitomycin* ; Mitotic Index ; Siblings* ; Sister Chromatid Exchange*

PURPOSE: The mitotic index (MI) and Ki-67 labeling index have been used as cell proliferative markers in the various tumors. Topoisomerase II alpha (Topo II alpha) is also expressed in proliferating cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the MI, Ki-67, and Topo II alpha expression as proliferative markers of breast cancer. METHODS: The cell proliferative activity of 181 breast cancers was measured using MI, Ki-67 labeling index and Topo II alpha expression. The correlation between the measured markers was also analyzed. RESULTS: The MI, Ki-67, and Topo II alpha were significantly correlated with each other(p < 0.000). The MI and Ki-67 labeling index were associated with high histological grade, and absence of hormone receptor (p < 0.000). Topo II alpha expression was correlated with high histological grade (p < 0.000), absence of hormone receptor and HER-2/neu overexpression (p < 0.043). The MI, Ki-67, and Topo II alpha were not associated with any other clinical variables, such as age, tumor size, and lymph node status. CONCLUSION: The three proliferative indices were significantly associated with aggressive features of breast cancer, and significantly correlated with each other.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II ; Lymph Nodes ; Mitotic Index

BACKGROUND: One of major challenge of cytogenetics is to obtain qualitative metaphases to achieve a meaningful analysis. Methotrexate (MTX) synchronization and the Giant Cell Tumor-Conditioned Medium (GCT-CM) have been used to improve the metaphase preparation from hematopoietic malignancies. The purpose of this study is to determine Mitotic Index (MI) of bone marrow samples under several culture conditions that may improve the quality of chromosome preparation. METHODS: Sixty nine bone marrow samples were cultured into 3 groups by traditional methods. The first group was tested for the effect of cell concentration on MI. The second, for the effect of MTX concentration on MI. The third group was classified into 4 subgroups as follows: 1) MTX only in 24 hour culture 2) MTX and GCT-CM in 24 hour culture 3) 48 hour culture without MTX 4) 48 hour culture and GCT-CM. MI was calculated as the ratio of metaphase to interphase cells in 1000 cells. Quality of metaphase was evaluated by classified the metaphase cell into 3 types. RESULTS: The first and second groups revealed no relationship between cell concentration, amount of MTX and MI, respectively. The third group showed significant differences among four subgroups. The MI increased in subgroups using GCT-CM and in the 48 hour culture, with greatest increase in group using 48 hour culture and GCT-CM simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: The use of GCT-CM medium and prolonged culture improved the quality of metaphase cells and MI. It is therefore beneficial to use these conditions in cytogenetic studies on bone marrow in hematologic disease.
Bone Marrow* ; Cytogenetics ; Giant Cells* ; Hematologic Diseases ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; Interphase ; Metaphase ; Methotrexate ; Mitotic Index*

An abnormally enlarged right ovary and a mass in fat surrounding the right kidney were discovered in a dairy cow during routine postmortem examination at slaughter. The ovary was dark reddish and multinodular in shape. Numerous cystic structures were identified in the mass. Histopathologically, the ovary was completely replaced with large, uniform, polyhedral neoplastic cells containing vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The mitotic index was high. In the lymphatic vessels, tumor emboli were observed. Another mass in the fat surranding the right kidney had the same histological features as the ovarian mass. This animal was diagnosed with malignant dysgerminoma and metastasis to other peritoneal organs.
Animals ; Autopsy ; Dysgerminoma* ; Female ; Kidney ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Mitotic Index ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovary