The Purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data to identify effective nursing methods for intravenous therapy patients by means of investigating the incidence of phlebitis and identifying the risk factors for intravenous-related phlebitis which cared by the IV team nurses. The data collected from August, 30, 1995 to October, 2, 1995. The subjects of this study were 495 IV catheters of 270 patients hospitalized to the 3 internal medicine and the 3 surgical wards of large general hospital who received the continuous IV therapy. In order to investigate the incidence of phlebitis, investigator developed the criteria for judging phlebitis and assessment records concerning the phlebitis. Catheter sites was inspected on a daily basis by IV team nurses, and development of phlebitis was graded and documented. The data were analyzed using the PC-SAS program : Percentages and Chi-Square test were used. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Over-all rate of incidence of intravenous-related phlebitis was 8.7%(Grade III 8.5%, Grade IV 0.2%). 2. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by sex. It was 12.00% in female as compared to 6.44% in male. 3. There was no significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by age. 4. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to duration of catheter placement. The incidence of phlebitis was the highest within 24 hour after insertion. 5. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to the location of the insertion site. Lower extremities were 22.22% as compared to 8.18% in upper extremities. But, there was no difference in the incidence of phlebitis according to the location of the insertion site among upper extremities catheters. 6. There was significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis by the size of cannula 22G was 11.08% as compared to 4.14% in 18G. 7. There was no significant difference in the incidence of phlebitis between surgical and medical wards. It was 10.96% in surgical wards as compared to 6.88% in medical wards. In conclusion, the following risk factors can be attributed to the incidence of phlebitis : sex, the duration of catheter placement, the location of the insertion site and the size of cannula inserted. Consequently, in order to prevent and detect the intravenous-related phlebitis early, a consistent, organized assessment and evaluation of the above factors during the intravenous therapy.
Catheters ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Internal Medicine ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Nursing ; Phlebitis ; Research Personnel ; Risk Factors ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: This research was carried out to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA) for Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Translation and back-translation were performed to develop the Korean version of the SDSCA. Then the Korean version SDSCA was applied to a sample of 112 older adults who had participated in diabetes self management education in Seoul. The internal consistency and the test-retest reliability were examined to test the reliability. Factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity. RESULTS: The internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha was .77 and the total test-retest reliability was .68 with items ranging from .21 to 1.00. As the result of the factor analysis, six factors -foot care, diet, exercise, blood sugar test, medication, and smoking- were revealed as the original instrument subcategories. These six factors explained 81.17% of total variance. CONCLUSION: The reliability and validity of the Korean version SDSCA Questionnaire was supported for use in older patients with type 2 diabetes in Korea.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Diet ; Humans ; Korea ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a self-management program applying Dongsasub training based on self-efficacy theory, and to verify the program effectiveness on self-esteem as well as self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, and blood pressure. METHODS: The study design was a non-equivalent, pre-post controlled quasi-experiment study. Thirty-eight patients aged 65 and older from a senior welfare center in Seoul participated in this study (20 patients in the experimental group and 18 patients in the control group). The self-management program applying Dongsasub training consisted of eight sessions. After development was complete the program was used with the experimental group. Outcome variables included self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-management behaviors measured by questionnaires, and blood pressure measured by electronic manometer. RESULTS: Self-efficacy (t=2.42, p =.021), self-esteem (t=2.57, p =.014) and self-management behaviors (t=2.21, p =.034) were significantly higher and systolic blood pressure (t=-2.14, p =.040) was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, diastolic blood pressure (t=-.85, p =.400) was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the self-management program applying Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention in community settings for improving self-management behaviors for older adults with hypertension.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure/*physiology ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Hypertension/*prevention & control ; Male ; Patient Education as Topic ; *Program Evaluation ; *Self Care ; *Self Efficacy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic parameters to investigate the characteristics of mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) and stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: The subjects were 318 women with MUI and 128 women with SUI. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records including Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms-Scored Form (BFLUTS-SF), Incontinence Quality of Life Instrument (I-QOL), voiding diaries, and urodynamic parameters. RESULTS: Compared with the SUI group, the MUI group was older and showed lower I-QOL and more severe urinary tract symptoms. The MUI group had more urinary frequency, more nocturia, and a higher urgency score than the SUI group. In the correlation analysis, the greatest difference between the two groups was that urgency was associated with Qmax, maximal cystometric capacity, and detrusor condition over activity only in the MUI group (r=−.175, p=.004; r=−.281, p<.001; r=.232, p<.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: As a result of this study, we propose that a customized management program that emphasizes the control of pelvic floor for the MUI group, and one that effectively strengthens the weak pelvic floor for the SUI group.
Electronic Health Records ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms* ; Nocturia ; Pelvic Floor ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Incontinence* ; Urinary Tract ; Urodynamics*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate foot ulcer risk factors, foot care knowledge, and foot care practice in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHOD: One hundred fifty type 2 diabetic patients were in and out-patients in a large urban hospital. The data were collected using a self-report questionnaire, chart review and foot examination. The questionnaires were developed by the researchers through the experts consultation and literature review. High risk for foot ulcer was evaluated by peripheral neuropathy(PN), peripheral vascular disease(PVD), and prior foot ulcer. Foot risk scores(FRS) means numbers of present risk factors. RESULTS: 31.3% of subjects show 1 FRS, and 13.3% showed 2 FRS. Mean foot care frequency was 3.5 times per week. There were significant differences in foot care knowledge according to DM education (t=2.96, p=.004) and foot care education (t=3.65, p=.001). There were significant differences in the foot care practice activities according to duration of DM (t=3.48, p=.010) and educational levels. CONCLUSION: There were high proportion of foot ulcer risk among the patients. It is necessary to screen high risk foot ulcer patients and provide practical education for foot care practice of diabetic patients.
Education ; Foot Ulcer* ; Foot* ; Hospitals, Urban ; Humans ; Outpatients ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of successful aging and factors influencing successful aging. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis study. Data were analyzed from 10,462 elderly people who participated in the 2011 National Elderly Survey. According to the use of community senior facilities, participants were divided into 4 groups: those who used senior centers (group A, n=580), village senior clubs (group B, n=3,240), both of the 2 facilities (group C, n=339), and neither of the 2 facilities (group D, n=6,303). Cross-tabulation and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of successful aging was highest in group C (20.94%) and lowest in group D (10.41%). The physical & mental function and active engagement domains were highest in group C, while they were lowest in group D. The disease & risk factors domain were highest in group A, while lowest in group B. An educational level of middleschool or higher and income level in the third or higher quintile were significant factors for predicting successful aging in all groups. CONCLUSION: These results provide a basis for designing prevention and management programs as interventions to increase the prevalence of successful aging in Korean older adults.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*psychology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Logistic Models ; Male ; *Quality of Life ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Senior Centers ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The aim of this research was to determine knowledge and management of tracheal tube cuffs among nurses of ICU. METHODS: This descriptive survey recruited 150 nurses working at 8 different adult ICUs within 2 tertiary hospitals in Seoul. A survey questionnaire was developed to measure cuff management. The internal reliability of the tool was examined by Cronbach's alpha Descriptive statistics and multiple regressions were used to analyze data. RESULTS: Among the 150 nurses, 94.0% replied that they would measure the pressure themselves. With regard to nurses' knowledge about tracheal tube cuffs, only 6% answered that they knew 'the appropriate cuff pressure'. The existence of a measuring device (p < .001), a guideline (p < .001), the level of knowledge on its related complications(p = .003), and clinical experience (p < .001) together accounted for 35.0% of the total variation in cuff management. They pointed out that the lack of time and the lack of education were major barriers to appropriate management; whereas education update was the most imperative factor for good management. CONCLUSION: ICU nurses have inappropriate knowledge and practice in cuff management. Therefore continuing education is necessary for better practice of tracheal tube cuff management.
Adult ; Education, Continuing ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Korea ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Currently, diabetes self-management education (DSME) is usually provided in hospitals, often in the form of a lecture. Evidence has indicated better strategies for DSME, such as behavioral outcome-focused, patient empowering, theory-based, and community-based long-term education. This manuscript presents guiding principles of DSME developed by a joint taskforce team of AADE (American Association of Diabetes Educators) and ADA (American Diabetes Association) members to address the need for community-based DSME and strategies to develop such programs. In conclusion, well-developed community DSME should have these characteristics; 1) consensus of needs and strategies for DSME among community, recipients, and provider, 2) standardized form based on current evidence, 3) education provided by a qualified DSME educator, and 4) include a system for continuous evaluation and revision of the program.
Consensus ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education* ; Health Education ; Humans ; Joints ; Self Care*

PURPOSE: This study systematically reviewed research on behavioral interventions based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model to investigate specific intervention strategies that focus on information, motivation, and behavioral skills and to evaluate their effectiveness for people with chronic diseases. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of both the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency and Im and Chang. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Randomized controlled trials that tested behavioral interventions based on the IMB model for promoting health behaviors among people with chronic diseases were included. Four investigators independently reviewed the studies and assessed the quality of each study. A narrative synthesis was used. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included in the review.Nine studies investigated patients with HIV/AIDS. The most frequently used intervention strategies were instructional pamphlets for the information construct, motivational interviewing techniques for the motivation construct, and instruction or role playing for the behavioral skills construct. Ten studies reported significant behavior changes at the first post-intervention assessment. CONCLUSION: This review indicates the potential strength of the IMB model as a theoretical framework to develop behavioral interventions. The specific integration strategies delineated for each construct of the model can be utilized to design model-based interventions.
Behavioral Research ; Chronic Disease ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Behavior* ; Humans ; Motivation ; Motivational Interviewing ; Pamphlets ; Research Personnel ; Role Playing

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the chief complaints (CCs) of elderly individuals on presentation to the emergency department (ED) according to gender, age, and disease-related and injury-related visits. METHODS: The 2014 registry database of the National Emergency Department Information System in South Korea, which included data on 908,761 ED visits by individuals aged 65 years and over, was reviewed. RESULTS: We found that 80.7% ED visits were related to disease, whereas the remaining visits were related to injury. The most common CCs presented by elderly male and female individuals with disease-related visits were dyspnea and dizziness, respectively. The 10 most common CCs accounted for 45.5% and 49.2% of the total disease-related visits for male and female individuals, respectively. The most common CC in male and female individuals with injury-related visits was headache and hip pain, respectively. The CC rank showed minimal variance among the different age groups, but a difference was observed between male and female individuals. The most common mechanism of injury in elderly male and female individuals was slipping, wherein females showed a higher occurrence rate than their male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be used to establish an ED training curriculum for nursing students and ED nurses, particularly for ED triage in the elderly.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Chronic Disease ; Emergencies/*epidemiology ; Emergency Service, Hospital/*utilization ; Female ; Humans ; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Triage/utilization ; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology