Peri-implantitis is one of the most common biological complications after implant restoration which is difficult to be cured. Early and correct diagnosis is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of peri-implantitis. Although there have been consensus reports to make guiding suggestions in diagnosis, the diagnostic criteria are not uniform, resulting in many confusions. This review summarizes published consensuses on the diagnosis of peri-implantitis, analyzes the diagnostic values and limitations of traditional examination methods, and summarizes the recent advances in examination methods for peri-implant soft and hard tissues, aiming to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis of peri-implantitis.

Peri-implantitis is one of the most important biological complications in the field of oral implantology. Identifying the causative factors of peri-implant inflammation and osteolysis is crucial for the disease's prevention and treatment. The underlying risk factors and detailed pathogenesis of peri-implantitis remain to be elucidated. Titanium-based implants as the most widely used implant inevitably release titanium particles into the surrounding tissue. Notably, the concentration of titanium particles increases significantly at peri-implantitis sites, suggesting titanium particles as a potential risk factor for the condition. Previous studies have indicated that titanium particles can induce peripheral osteolysis and foster the development of aseptic osteoarthritis in orthopedic joint replacement. However, it remains unconfirmed whether this phenomenon also triggers inflammation and bone resorption in peri-implant tissues. This review summarizes the distribution of titanium particles around the implant, the potential roles in peri-implantitis and the prevalent prevention strategies, which expects to provide new directions for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of peri-implantitis.
Humans ; Peri-Implantitis/pathology* ; Titanium/pharmacology* ; Dental Implants/adverse effects* ; Osteolysis/pathology* ; Inflammation/chemically induced*