Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a relatively novel, but increasingly used, diagnostic imaging modality. In recent years, due to its safety, quickness, and repeatability, several studies have demonstrated the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of CEUS. The European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology has recently updated the previous guidelines from 2012 for the use of CEUS in non-hepatic applications. This review deals with the clinical use and applications of CEUS for the evaluation of non-hepatic abdominal organs, focusing on renal, splenic, and pancreatic applications.
Biology ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Kidney ; Liver ; Pancreas ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spleen ; Ultrasonography

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in childhood (Horm Res 70:65-72, 2008; J Clin Endocr Metab 93:869-875, 2008). ¹⁸⁻Fluoro-L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (¹⁸F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) can detect areas of increased activity in the pancreas and may differentiate focal from diffuse CHI (J Clin Endocr Metab 93:869-875, 2008; Radiology 253:216-222, 2009). We here report the case of a girl who complained of recurrent episodes of severe hypoglycaemia despite previous partial pancreatectomy. To evaluate the need for additional surgical intervention, we performed ¹⁸F-DOPA PET/computed tomography (CT), which showed a focal lesion corresponding to the anatomical region of the pancreatic tail. On the other hand, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrated that the ¹⁸F-DOPA uptake was in a loop of bowel occupying the previous surgical bed. Our case highlights that bowel uptake can be a possible pitfall in the interpretation of ¹⁸F-DOPA PET/CT in children affected by CHI, suggesting that when ¹⁸F-DOPA PET/CT results do not fit the clinical picture, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may allow a more accurate correlation of the radiotracer activity with the underlying anatomical or pathological structure.
Child ; Congenital Hyperinsulinism ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pancreas ; Pancreatectomy ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Positron-Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography ; Tail